1987 Vol. 6, No. 3
Display Method:
1987, (3): 317-334.
Abstract:
Spectral analyses have been carried out on the time-series data from 16 tide stations and nearby weather stations along the coasts of China during the winter of 1980-1981 and the summer of 1981. After removing the wind and barometric effects, the authors found the signals of the southward moving sea-level variations at about 0.21 and 0.32 cpd along the coasts of the Huanghai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea in winter, and only the 0.26 cpd southward moving sea-level variations along the coast of the South China Sea in summer. Using simple analytical models based on idealized bottom profiles of the China Seas, the observed phenomena can be explained as the lowest-mooe continental shelf waves travelling along the coasts of China.
Spectral analyses have been carried out on the time-series data from 16 tide stations and nearby weather stations along the coasts of China during the winter of 1980-1981 and the summer of 1981. After removing the wind and barometric effects, the authors found the signals of the southward moving sea-level variations at about 0.21 and 0.32 cpd along the coasts of the Huanghai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea in winter, and only the 0.26 cpd southward moving sea-level variations along the coast of the South China Sea in summer. Using simple analytical models based on idealized bottom profiles of the China Seas, the observed phenomena can be explained as the lowest-mooe continental shelf waves travelling along the coasts of China.
1987, (3): 335-343.
Abstract:
By means of a rather simple and direct method, this paper deduces the relations between the kinetic energy of waves and the horizontial momentum, and between different kinds of energies of waves, thus greatly simplifying the corresponding processes of deduction given by Starr and others. Furthermore, several important integral properties of two-dimensional, irrotational, periodic and permanent waves, which are generalized to the case with uniform current existing, the concept of wave excess is established, and some important integral properties of wave excess are deduced.
By means of a rather simple and direct method, this paper deduces the relations between the kinetic energy of waves and the horizontial momentum, and between different kinds of energies of waves, thus greatly simplifying the corresponding processes of deduction given by Starr and others. Furthermore, several important integral properties of two-dimensional, irrotational, periodic and permanent waves, which are generalized to the case with uniform current existing, the concept of wave excess is established, and some important integral properties of wave excess are deduced.
1987, (3): 344-352.
Abstract:
On the basis of shallow water equations, a 2-dimensional model for the wind-driven current is developed in this paper to simulate the mean wind-driven circulation and sea-surface elevation fields respectively in winter and summer, and to describe the general nature of the wind-driven current in the Bohai Sea.
Numerical results show that the patterns of the wind-driven circulation in Bohai are mainly the cyclonic circulation in winter and both cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations in summer. A theoretical argument based on vorticity is put up to explain the generating-mechanism of large eddies near the strait, which are considered to be the direct results of the wind stress interaction with topography gradients.
On the basis of shallow water equations, a 2-dimensional model for the wind-driven current is developed in this paper to simulate the mean wind-driven circulation and sea-surface elevation fields respectively in winter and summer, and to describe the general nature of the wind-driven current in the Bohai Sea.
Numerical results show that the patterns of the wind-driven circulation in Bohai are mainly the cyclonic circulation in winter and both cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations in summer. A theoretical argument based on vorticity is put up to explain the generating-mechanism of large eddies near the strait, which are considered to be the direct results of the wind stress interaction with topography gradients.
1987, (3): 353-365.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the study of moisture budget of the typhoon No.7507. The results show that the mass convergence produced by divergent wind has made the maximum contribution to precipitation, especially at the lower level, accounting for about 70% of the total precipitation, and that the advection term of water vapor is very small. The vertical flux term is to transport water vapor from the lower level to the middle and upper levels, resulting in the increase of water vapor accumulation at these levels. Evaporation term also plays an important role in precipitation, accounting for about 13% of the total precipitation and 23% of the horizontal moisture convergence. The moisture of the typhoon comes mainly from its southern boundary and the secondary inflow of moisture is from its western or eastern boundary. All the inflow layers of these three boundaries are very deep, reaching up to 300 hPa, while the strongest inflow occurs below 700 hPa. In the northern boundary of the typhoon, we obtained that all layers had the outflow of moisture. As to the whole typhoon system,since the inflow of water vapor is far greater than the outflow, a large amount of water vapor might be supplied for the typhoon.
The distrioutions of precipitation in the typhoon region by using three computational methods are in good accordance with the actual distributions of cloud and rain areas, but there exists marked difference in magnitude.
This paper deals with the study of moisture budget of the typhoon No.7507. The results show that the mass convergence produced by divergent wind has made the maximum contribution to precipitation, especially at the lower level, accounting for about 70% of the total precipitation, and that the advection term of water vapor is very small. The vertical flux term is to transport water vapor from the lower level to the middle and upper levels, resulting in the increase of water vapor accumulation at these levels. Evaporation term also plays an important role in precipitation, accounting for about 13% of the total precipitation and 23% of the horizontal moisture convergence. The moisture of the typhoon comes mainly from its southern boundary and the secondary inflow of moisture is from its western or eastern boundary. All the inflow layers of these three boundaries are very deep, reaching up to 300 hPa, while the strongest inflow occurs below 700 hPa. In the northern boundary of the typhoon, we obtained that all layers had the outflow of moisture. As to the whole typhoon system,since the inflow of water vapor is far greater than the outflow, a large amount of water vapor might be supplied for the typhoon.
The distrioutions of precipitation in the typhoon region by using three computational methods are in good accordance with the actual distributions of cloud and rain areas, but there exists marked difference in magnitude.
1987, (3): 366-372.
Abstract:
It is expounded in this paper that the wind is weak in a zone of large curvature and strong in the small one in case of large scale stream field in the tropics. The relation between the variation of stream fields and generation of cyclones in tropical disturbance are also studied based on the authors another paper.
It is expounded in this paper that the wind is weak in a zone of large curvature and strong in the small one in case of large scale stream field in the tropics. The relation between the variation of stream fields and generation of cyclones in tropical disturbance are also studied based on the authors another paper.
1987, (3): 373-379.
Abstract:
The release and removal behaviour of Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn from the sediment of Xiamen Harbour to sea water have been studied under ultra-clean laboratory condition within 168 b. Initial rapid increases in dissolved Cu, Pb, Zn and Co were observed in the first six hours and twelve hours respectively after addition of various amounts of sediment. Then Pb and Co decreased to background values, while Zn decreased to less than the background value and Cu remained unchanged. Cd and Ni did not increase during the experiment. The results indicated that the weakly bound heavy metals were released from the sediment through desorption or exchange. Simultaneously, they might form complexes or be adsorbed in colloids or particles. The two processes existed simultaneously, changing with time and conditions.
The release and removal behaviour of Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn from the sediment of Xiamen Harbour to sea water have been studied under ultra-clean laboratory condition within 168 b. Initial rapid increases in dissolved Cu, Pb, Zn and Co were observed in the first six hours and twelve hours respectively after addition of various amounts of sediment. Then Pb and Co decreased to background values, while Zn decreased to less than the background value and Cu remained unchanged. Cd and Ni did not increase during the experiment. The results indicated that the weakly bound heavy metals were released from the sediment through desorption or exchange. Simultaneously, they might form complexes or be adsorbed in colloids or particles. The two processes existed simultaneously, changing with time and conditions.
1987, (3): 380-388.
Abstract:
Dissolved, weakly and strongly bound particulates Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni and Fe have been measured in the surface water sampled from eleven stations in Xiamen Harbor by clean laboratory methods and GFAAS. The average concentrations found in dissolved fractions are Cu:0.41±0.12; Pb:0.014±0.008; Zn:0.084±0.043; Cd:0.022±0.004; Co:0.009±0.004; Ni:0.15±0.02; and Fe:0.15±0.02 μg/kg, which make up 62%, 6%, 12%, 85%, 5%, 25% and <1% of the total metals in the surface water respectively. The results are mucn lower than those reported previously in the coastal waters of China. Industrial sources of trace metal contamination are likely responsible for the distribution of trace metals.
Dissolved, weakly and strongly bound particulates Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni and Fe have been measured in the surface water sampled from eleven stations in Xiamen Harbor by clean laboratory methods and GFAAS. The average concentrations found in dissolved fractions are Cu:0.41±0.12; Pb:0.014±0.008; Zn:0.084±0.043; Cd:0.022±0.004; Co:0.009±0.004; Ni:0.15±0.02; and Fe:0.15±0.02 μg/kg, which make up 62%, 6%, 12%, 85%, 5%, 25% and <1% of the total metals in the surface water respectively. The results are mucn lower than those reported previously in the coastal waters of China. Industrial sources of trace metal contamination are likely responsible for the distribution of trace metals.
1987, (3): 389-396.
Abstract:
The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seaiment associated with manganese nodules from the Northern Central Pacific Ocean and in their acid-soluble fractions were determined and correlations among the elements and between the trace metals and environmental parameters were discussed. It has been found that the contents of Mn, Cu and Ni in the sediment are one order of magnitude higher than those in the common sediment. As shown in the manganese nodules, they may mainly derive from seabed. The contents of all trace metals in the sediment are obviously governed by Fe-and Mn-oxides, organic matter, seawater depth, particle size and Eh. Multi-element correlation equations were developed for all trace metals. The trace metals in acid-soluble fraction of the sediment were also much higher than ihose of common sediment and negatively correlated with water depth, implying the possible influence of carbonate speciation.
The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seaiment associated with manganese nodules from the Northern Central Pacific Ocean and in their acid-soluble fractions were determined and correlations among the elements and between the trace metals and environmental parameters were discussed. It has been found that the contents of Mn, Cu and Ni in the sediment are one order of magnitude higher than those in the common sediment. As shown in the manganese nodules, they may mainly derive from seabed. The contents of all trace metals in the sediment are obviously governed by Fe-and Mn-oxides, organic matter, seawater depth, particle size and Eh. Multi-element correlation equations were developed for all trace metals. The trace metals in acid-soluble fraction of the sediment were also much higher than ihose of common sediment and negatively correlated with water depth, implying the possible influence of carbonate speciation.
1987, (3): 397-404.
Abstract:
A total of 149 genus and 238 species of Radiolaria in cores from four stations in the Okinawa Trough are examined in this paper. Water depths and cores lengths at these stations are 602-1900 m and 1.7-2.4 m respectively (see Fig. 1). Based on the distributional characteristic of Radiolaria and the radio-larian temperature number (Tr), the climatic fluctuations since the last 150 000 years and the stratigra-phic classification are also discussed.
A total of 149 genus and 238 species of Radiolaria in cores from four stations in the Okinawa Trough are examined in this paper. Water depths and cores lengths at these stations are 602-1900 m and 1.7-2.4 m respectively (see Fig. 1). Based on the distributional characteristic of Radiolaria and the radio-larian temperature number (Tr), the climatic fluctuations since the last 150 000 years and the stratigra-phic classification are also discussed.
1987, (3): 405-412.
Abstract:
According to analyses on the texture and structure of sediment, species component and accumulative way of shells, geometry of sana body and its vertical sequence, this paper points out that the sand ridge located in the west of Shanghai is a kind of ancient chenier, and the entire broad plain of cheniers and the mud flats in between is called chenier plain. The origin of the chenier is related to the shifting of main branch channel in the Changjiang estuary and coastal changes during the historical periods. Based on 14C dating data, the ages of the cheniers from west to east are 6800-6000,5800-5500, 4200-4000 and 3200 years B. P. respectively. These cheniers of different ages illustrate the development processes of the Changjiang Delta during the Middle Holocene.
According to analyses on the texture and structure of sediment, species component and accumulative way of shells, geometry of sana body and its vertical sequence, this paper points out that the sand ridge located in the west of Shanghai is a kind of ancient chenier, and the entire broad plain of cheniers and the mud flats in between is called chenier plain. The origin of the chenier is related to the shifting of main branch channel in the Changjiang estuary and coastal changes during the historical periods. Based on 14C dating data, the ages of the cheniers from west to east are 6800-6000,5800-5500, 4200-4000 and 3200 years B. P. respectively. These cheniers of different ages illustrate the development processes of the Changjiang Delta during the Middle Holocene.
1987, (3): 413-420.
Abstract:
A total of 91 species belonging to 57 genera were recovered from the coastal areas of the north East China Sea ana the south Yellow Sea, of which, 42 species of 30 genera were collected alive. The biocoenoses of estuaries, supralittoral and eulittoral zones are dominated by orackish and euryhaline species, of which Albileberis sheyangensis, A. sinensis, Leptocythere ventriclivosa, Loxoconcha ocellata, Sinocytheridea latiotata and S. longa are ubiquitous; Propontocypris euryhalina, Spinileberis furuyaensis and S. pulchra are restricted to the supralittoral zone; Neomonoceratina crispata and Pontocythere littoralis are only present in the eulittoral zone. The community structure of these biocoenoses is generally marked by low snecies diversity (H(S) and 5) and high incidence and dominance. Among the environmental factors investigated, it was found that salinity was the most important in controlling the distribution of living ostracods, and high-energy hydrodynamic condition was the main cause of the great difference between biocoenosis and thanato:oenosis in tidal estuaries and the sandy eulittoral zone.
A total of 91 species belonging to 57 genera were recovered from the coastal areas of the north East China Sea ana the south Yellow Sea, of which, 42 species of 30 genera were collected alive. The biocoenoses of estuaries, supralittoral and eulittoral zones are dominated by orackish and euryhaline species, of which Albileberis sheyangensis, A. sinensis, Leptocythere ventriclivosa, Loxoconcha ocellata, Sinocytheridea latiotata and S. longa are ubiquitous; Propontocypris euryhalina, Spinileberis furuyaensis and S. pulchra are restricted to the supralittoral zone; Neomonoceratina crispata and Pontocythere littoralis are only present in the eulittoral zone. The community structure of these biocoenoses is generally marked by low snecies diversity (H(S) and 5) and high incidence and dominance. Among the environmental factors investigated, it was found that salinity was the most important in controlling the distribution of living ostracods, and high-energy hydrodynamic condition was the main cause of the great difference between biocoenosis and thanato:oenosis in tidal estuaries and the sandy eulittoral zone.
1987, (3): 421-427.
Abstract:
This paper explores the accumulations ana distributions of Cd, Pb and Cu in clam Area granosa through determining their contents in Dlood and soft parts. The results show an order of concentration factors for these metals therein as:Cd > Cu > Pb; the values of concentration factors and the patterns of distribution are similar for Cu and Pb but different from Cd. Concentration factors in blood can reflect the enrichement abilities of soft parts. Exposure experiments have indicated that the Pb level in blood is controlled by Pb concentrations in surrouding seawater, changing with time, that the Pb cocentration causing poisoning in the seawater is 1-100 μg/l, and that the Pb content in blood and soft parts of Area granosa increases with that of Pb increasing in seawater. There exist relationships of double logatithmic concentrations for Pb among the three mediums.
This paper explores the accumulations ana distributions of Cd, Pb and Cu in clam Area granosa through determining their contents in Dlood and soft parts. The results show an order of concentration factors for these metals therein as:Cd > Cu > Pb; the values of concentration factors and the patterns of distribution are similar for Cu and Pb but different from Cd. Concentration factors in blood can reflect the enrichement abilities of soft parts. Exposure experiments have indicated that the Pb level in blood is controlled by Pb concentrations in surrouding seawater, changing with time, that the Pb cocentration causing poisoning in the seawater is 1-100 μg/l, and that the Pb content in blood and soft parts of Area granosa increases with that of Pb increasing in seawater. There exist relationships of double logatithmic concentrations for Pb among the three mediums.
1987, (3): 428-433.
Abstract:
According to the principle of photosythesis with sunlight and CO2 by phytoplankton supplying food for marine organisms, while the nitrogenous compounds excreted by marine animals are transferred by bacteria into the nitrate for the use of phytoplankton, an artificial microhabitat is built to investigate comprehensively distributive relationship of 127Cs, 134Cs, 65Zn, 60Co, 50Fe, 54Mn in the parts of the microhabitat. The results show that 78% of the 134Cs and 137Cs in ion state are present in sea water, with 28% of them nearly homogenous envolved in the exchanging processes of the suspensates and organisms, and that 80% of 59Fe, 54Mn, 65Zn, 60Co were concentrated by solid substance, whose motion was mainly controlled by biological processes. The factors affecting the distribution of nuclides in each composition are discussed. As another type of research on the controlled ecological system which is a subject currently studied in the world, the present paper is of reference value for studying quantitatively the migration rule of pollutants in the ocean.
According to the principle of photosythesis with sunlight and CO2 by phytoplankton supplying food for marine organisms, while the nitrogenous compounds excreted by marine animals are transferred by bacteria into the nitrate for the use of phytoplankton, an artificial microhabitat is built to investigate comprehensively distributive relationship of 127Cs, 134Cs, 65Zn, 60Co, 50Fe, 54Mn in the parts of the microhabitat. The results show that 78% of the 134Cs and 137Cs in ion state are present in sea water, with 28% of them nearly homogenous envolved in the exchanging processes of the suspensates and organisms, and that 80% of 59Fe, 54Mn, 65Zn, 60Co were concentrated by solid substance, whose motion was mainly controlled by biological processes. The factors affecting the distribution of nuclides in each composition are discussed. As another type of research on the controlled ecological system which is a subject currently studied in the world, the present paper is of reference value for studying quantitatively the migration rule of pollutants in the ocean.
1987, (3): 434-443.
Abstract:
Two acid partial hydrolysis methods are used in preparing three substrates, i. e. short-chain poly-mannuronide (SM), short-chain polyguluronide (SG) and short-chain polymannuronide-polyguluronide (SMG).
Using viscosity reduction method, it is demonstrated that lyase Ⅰ is an exolyase while lyase Ⅱ and lyase Ⅲ are endolyases.
Somogyi-Nelson method is used for determining the reducibility of lyase-decomposed substrates, indicating that the three lyases acted strongly on algin, SM and SMG, but slightly on SO. UV absorption method is used for determining absorption spectrum of products, indicating that all the three lyases are polymannuronide lyases (EC 4·2·99·4).
With their aigins decomposed, all the three lyases can reduce the M/G value, the best being lyase I which can reduce the M/G by about 3.65 fola. Therefore, the enzymatic method might be used in preparing medicine for preventive absorption of 90Sr.
Two acid partial hydrolysis methods are used in preparing three substrates, i. e. short-chain poly-mannuronide (SM), short-chain polyguluronide (SG) and short-chain polymannuronide-polyguluronide (SMG).
Using viscosity reduction method, it is demonstrated that lyase Ⅰ is an exolyase while lyase Ⅱ and lyase Ⅲ are endolyases.
Somogyi-Nelson method is used for determining the reducibility of lyase-decomposed substrates, indicating that the three lyases acted strongly on algin, SM and SMG, but slightly on SO. UV absorption method is used for determining absorption spectrum of products, indicating that all the three lyases are polymannuronide lyases (EC 4·2·99·4).
With their aigins decomposed, all the three lyases can reduce the M/G value, the best being lyase I which can reduce the M/G by about 3.65 fola. Therefore, the enzymatic method might be used in preparing medicine for preventive absorption of 90Sr.
1987, (3): 444-451.
Abstract:
The concentration of 65Zn under artificial conditions in suspended matter, sediment, algae, and excretion as well as its distribution in the organs of fish (Tilapia mossambia), prawn (Penaeus penicillatus), clam (Area granosa), clam (Cyclina sinensis) are studied. The results show a high concentration factor of suspended matter, with a dynamic equilibrium of concentration by lagea arrived after two days. The concentration factor of 65Zn in the intestines of fish, prawn, clam and gills of clam are very high, and their excretive rate is rapid. It shows that the intestines and gills are critical organs of 65Zn concentration. The content of 65Zn in nucleic acid is highest, and is higher in RNA than in DNA, while that in organic acid is lowest.
The concentration of 65Zn under artificial conditions in suspended matter, sediment, algae, and excretion as well as its distribution in the organs of fish (Tilapia mossambia), prawn (Penaeus penicillatus), clam (Area granosa), clam (Cyclina sinensis) are studied. The results show a high concentration factor of suspended matter, with a dynamic equilibrium of concentration by lagea arrived after two days. The concentration factor of 65Zn in the intestines of fish, prawn, clam and gills of clam are very high, and their excretive rate is rapid. It shows that the intestines and gills are critical organs of 65Zn concentration. The content of 65Zn in nucleic acid is highest, and is higher in RNA than in DNA, while that in organic acid is lowest.
1987, (3): 452-460.
Abstract:
During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depih of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest. After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level. During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m, the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure. But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum. This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure. There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation. The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation. The photic scimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily. When the photic stimulation was over the slow rhythm reappeared on the EEG. All the changes in EEG indicated that the encephalon function of the human body showed a gradual adaptation process during the exposure to N2-O2 at a depth of 36.5 m for 26 days.
During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depih of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest. After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level. During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m, the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure. But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum. This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure. There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation. The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation. The photic scimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily. When the photic stimulation was over the slow rhythm reappeared on the EEG. All the changes in EEG indicated that the encephalon function of the human body showed a gradual adaptation process during the exposure to N2-O2 at a depth of 36.5 m for 26 days.
1987, (3): 461-471.
Abstract:
The drag and the interia coefficients Cd,CM of wave-current force on vertical pile are well related to the redefined Keulegan-Carpenter number N'Kc by the test data of the authors. The relation could be also used for irregular wave-current force to calculate in time domain. A simplified method for the calculation of cumulative probabilistic distribution of peak value of irregular wave-current force is also recommended in this paper. These methods were justified by the model test of the authors.
The drag and the interia coefficients Cd,CM of wave-current force on vertical pile are well related to the redefined Keulegan-Carpenter number N'Kc by the test data of the authors. The relation could be also used for irregular wave-current force to calculate in time domain. A simplified method for the calculation of cumulative probabilistic distribution of peak value of irregular wave-current force is also recommended in this paper. These methods were justified by the model test of the authors.
