1997 Vol. 16, No. 2
Display Method:
1997, (2): 141-148.
Abstract:
Based on the nonlinear model of two-dimensional random sea waves, a statistical distribution of wave surface slope exact to the third order is derived by using the expansion of the characteristic function and direct calculations of each order moment. Based on the distribution of wave surface slope derived in this paper, a whitecap coverage is proposed by using the limit surface slope as a criterion of wave breaking. The whitecap coverage expressed by the model depends on three parameters which can be determined in principle by the linear wave spectrum and three kinds of wave-wave interaction.
Based on the nonlinear model of two-dimensional random sea waves, a statistical distribution of wave surface slope exact to the third order is derived by using the expansion of the characteristic function and direct calculations of each order moment. Based on the distribution of wave surface slope derived in this paper, a whitecap coverage is proposed by using the limit surface slope as a criterion of wave breaking. The whitecap coverage expressed by the model depends on three parameters which can be determined in principle by the linear wave spectrum and three kinds of wave-wave interaction.
1997, (2): 149-155.
Abstract:
The present paper defines the generalized apparent energy distribution and derives the analytical form of the so-called generalized outer frequency spectrum or nth order apparent frequency spectrum. It is shown that the generalized outer frequency spectrum has an equilibrium range with an exponent -(n+3) and the upper limit of the exponent is -3. The results of this paper are universal and are applicable for any other wave phenomena if the ray theory of waves and the Longuet-Higgins' linear random wave model are exact enough for their description.
The present paper defines the generalized apparent energy distribution and derives the analytical form of the so-called generalized outer frequency spectrum or nth order apparent frequency spectrum. It is shown that the generalized outer frequency spectrum has an equilibrium range with an exponent -(n+3) and the upper limit of the exponent is -3. The results of this paper are universal and are applicable for any other wave phenomena if the ray theory of waves and the Longuet-Higgins' linear random wave model are exact enough for their description.
1997, (2): 157-170.
Abstract:
Abstract-In this paper, the monthly averages and deviations of temperature, pressure, tonal wind, specific humidity, cloud rover and the components of heat budget have been remputed on the equatorial (5°S-3°N) Pacific surface (EPS) based on the 2*×2* grid data of CORDS from 1950 to 1987 and the evolutions of tt0ese elements have been provided. Two feedback mechanisms of El Nino-La Nina cycle which include the dynamic, thermal and hydrological processes in the coupled air-sea system are verified. During El Nino, the pressure gradient and trade wind decreased on the EPS, the sensible and latent heat exchanges enlarged on the central-eastern EPS, the water vapor and cloud cover rose in the atmo sphere, the net longwave radiation and incident solar radiation decreased and the net gain (loss) of the heat reduced (increased) on the central and eastern EPS:During La Nina the circumstances were opposite
Abstract-In this paper, the monthly averages and deviations of temperature, pressure, tonal wind, specific humidity, cloud rover and the components of heat budget have been remputed on the equatorial (5°S-3°N) Pacific surface (EPS) based on the 2*×2* grid data of CORDS from 1950 to 1987 and the evolutions of tt0ese elements have been provided. Two feedback mechanisms of El Nino-La Nina cycle which include the dynamic, thermal and hydrological processes in the coupled air-sea system are verified. During El Nino, the pressure gradient and trade wind decreased on the EPS, the sensible and latent heat exchanges enlarged on the central-eastern EPS, the water vapor and cloud cover rose in the atmo sphere, the net longwave radiation and incident solar radiation decreased and the net gain (loss) of the heat reduced (increased) on the central and eastern EPS:During La Nina the circumstances were opposite
1997, (2): 171-191.
Abstract:
The ocean color satellite is mainly applied to measure the water constituents such as chlorophyll, suspended material and yellow substance. The leaving water radiance is very small part of the total radiance arrival at the sensor about 3%-15%,and depends on the properties of the orbit and sensor. Before the satellite is launched on the orbit, it needs to simulate the radiation imagery in order to evaluate the quality and availability of the satellite data. If the parameters of satellite orbit, the properties of sensor as well as the characteristics of the atmosphere and water have been known, the radiation scattered by air molecule and aerosol, reflected solar radiation, water leaving and total radiation arriving at the sensor can be simulated by the models of radiation transfer in the atmosphere, air/water and subsurface water. In this paper, the mechanism, models and procedures of the radiation simulation are first discussed and employed to simulate a series of imageries for the Chinese satellites FY-lA, FY-1B, and ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan, China), and American satellite Ses STAR. Their results show that the solar irradiance arrived at water surface and the sun glitter mainly affect the quality and availability of satellite data, which depend on the orbit properties. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve the quality and availability of a:ean color satellite data.
The ocean color satellite is mainly applied to measure the water constituents such as chlorophyll, suspended material and yellow substance. The leaving water radiance is very small part of the total radiance arrival at the sensor about 3%-15%,and depends on the properties of the orbit and sensor. Before the satellite is launched on the orbit, it needs to simulate the radiation imagery in order to evaluate the quality and availability of the satellite data. If the parameters of satellite orbit, the properties of sensor as well as the characteristics of the atmosphere and water have been known, the radiation scattered by air molecule and aerosol, reflected solar radiation, water leaving and total radiation arriving at the sensor can be simulated by the models of radiation transfer in the atmosphere, air/water and subsurface water. In this paper, the mechanism, models and procedures of the radiation simulation are first discussed and employed to simulate a series of imageries for the Chinese satellites FY-lA, FY-1B, and ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan, China), and American satellite Ses STAR. Their results show that the solar irradiance arrived at water surface and the sun glitter mainly affect the quality and availability of satellite data, which depend on the orbit properties. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve the quality and availability of a:ean color satellite data.
1997, (2): 193-199.
Abstract:
Based on the Nansha Islands' closed atoll conception-remote sensing system in Part Ⅰ,through the solution of the information function value and isostatic value of closed and quasi-closed atoll, and by using topological analysis on growth form and the composite remote sensing quantization date as the calculating coefficients, the feature vector system and its mathematical model of two kinds of atoll are built, and the multivariate analysis is made with some examples.
Based on the Nansha Islands' closed atoll conception-remote sensing system in Part Ⅰ,through the solution of the information function value and isostatic value of closed and quasi-closed atoll, and by using topological analysis on growth form and the composite remote sensing quantization date as the calculating coefficients, the feature vector system and its mathematical model of two kinds of atoll are built, and the multivariate analysis is made with some examples.
1997, (2): 201-214.
Abstract:
On the basis of the data of the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)and the concentration of the total dissolved CO2(TCO2) in surface water during the expeditions in Nov.-Dec. 1991, the world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) and Oct. 1992-Mar. 1993, the tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE) in the western tropical Pacific and of the comparison with data from 1986 to 1990 TOGA expeditions and that from Japan Meteorological Agency, the response of CO2 in surface water to ENSO event is proved. The CO2 signals indicated that the air-sea system in the western and central tropical Pacific from 1991 to 1993, except for a short period in autumn of 1992, was in a strong state of ENSO. The change of CO2 in the floating stations near 2°S, 155°E from Nov. 1992 to Mar. 1993 reflected the change of currents, water mass and its thermal and salt content during the forming and developing of ENSO.
On the basis of the data of the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)and the concentration of the total dissolved CO2(TCO2) in surface water during the expeditions in Nov.-Dec. 1991, the world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) and Oct. 1992-Mar. 1993, the tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE) in the western tropical Pacific and of the comparison with data from 1986 to 1990 TOGA expeditions and that from Japan Meteorological Agency, the response of CO2 in surface water to ENSO event is proved. The CO2 signals indicated that the air-sea system in the western and central tropical Pacific from 1991 to 1993, except for a short period in autumn of 1992, was in a strong state of ENSO. The change of CO2 in the floating stations near 2°S, 155°E from Nov. 1992 to Mar. 1993 reflected the change of currents, water mass and its thermal and salt content during the forming and developing of ENSO.
1997, (2): 215-224.
Abstract:
Isozyme changes during early development of Penaeus chinensis are described for six enzymes (EST, AMY MDH, GDH, Gd and LDH) by means of polyacrylamide gel vertical plate electrophoresis. The results show that the number of isozymes varies considerably and the enzyme activity also rises gradually with development. The band number of EST increases from 1 in nauplius stage to 6 in postlarval stage. There are three types of AMY, α-AMY, R-AMY and Q-AMY. The phenotype of LDH changes slightly, showing the same pattern except nauplius in all the stages. The remaining three enzymes (MDH, Gd and GDH) have more bands and their isozyme number also increases with development.
Isozyme changes during early development of Penaeus chinensis are described for six enzymes (EST, AMY MDH, GDH, Gd and LDH) by means of polyacrylamide gel vertical plate electrophoresis. The results show that the number of isozymes varies considerably and the enzyme activity also rises gradually with development. The band number of EST increases from 1 in nauplius stage to 6 in postlarval stage. There are three types of AMY, α-AMY, R-AMY and Q-AMY. The phenotype of LDH changes slightly, showing the same pattern except nauplius in all the stages. The remaining three enzymes (MDH, Gd and GDH) have more bands and their isozyme number also increases with development.
1997, (2): 225-237.
Abstract:
High-resolution sub-bottom profiler has revealed sedimental strata and environments in the eastern part of the Bohai Sea since the Late Pleistocene. According to the characters of acoustic reflection and seismic-stratigraphic principle, some classification of typical acoustic reflection is made out and will be favourable for interpretation and recognization of acoustic profiles in this area.
High-resolution sub-bottom profiler has revealed sedimental strata and environments in the eastern part of the Bohai Sea since the Late Pleistocene. According to the characters of acoustic reflection and seismic-stratigraphic principle, some classification of typical acoustic reflection is made out and will be favourable for interpretation and recognization of acoustic profiles in this area.
1997, (2): 239-248.
Abstract:
In this paper, two problems on dynamical sedimentology in the sea area near the Huanghe(Yellow) River Seaport are studied. Firstly, with synchronously observed data of bed-load trap and winds, starting and transporting dynamical mechanism of sediments on the intertidal shoal is analysed and studied. It is considered that starting and diffusing of sediments on the intertidal shoal near the Huanghe Seaport are controlled by waves and their surf currents. Secondly, with the help of data observed through observation concentration of suspended sediments, current velocity and wave height, starting and diffusing dynamical mechanism of sediments on the seabed near the Huanghe Seaport are analysed. It is considered that at a water depth of about 15 metres, starting and diffusing of the sediments are mainly controlled by tidal currents and at 5 metres or on the intertidal shoal by waves. At about 10 metres, their effects are rather similar.
In this paper, two problems on dynamical sedimentology in the sea area near the Huanghe(Yellow) River Seaport are studied. Firstly, with synchronously observed data of bed-load trap and winds, starting and transporting dynamical mechanism of sediments on the intertidal shoal is analysed and studied. It is considered that starting and diffusing of sediments on the intertidal shoal near the Huanghe Seaport are controlled by waves and their surf currents. Secondly, with the help of data observed through observation concentration of suspended sediments, current velocity and wave height, starting and diffusing dynamical mechanism of sediments on the seabed near the Huanghe Seaport are analysed. It is considered that at a water depth of about 15 metres, starting and diffusing of the sediments are mainly controlled by tidal currents and at 5 metres or on the intertidal shoal by waves. At about 10 metres, their effects are rather similar.
1997, (2): 249-258.
Abstract:
Based on the morphocytological studies on Planktoreiella,two species of the genus, p. sol Schütt and p. formosa (Qian et Wang) are recorded in China's seas. The renaming of the latter species is based on a careful study on Valdiuella formosa (Schimper ex Karsten) Karsten.
Based on the morphocytological studies on Planktoreiella,two species of the genus, p. sol Schütt and p. formosa (Qian et Wang) are recorded in China's seas. The renaming of the latter species is based on a careful study on Valdiuella formosa (Schimper ex Karsten) Karsten.
1997, (2): 259-270.
Abstract:
1997, (2): 271-279.
Abstract:
