1985 Vol. 4, No. 1
Display Method:
1985, (1): 1-8.
Abstract:
This paper is devoted to the study of the propagation of tide wave in a basin with variable cross-sectional area. With the W.K.B. method an analytic solution of amplitude is obtained. It is found that the motion of co-oscillating tide wave in a basin with variable cross-section is a progressive one, depending on the cross-section as well as the frictional force. The effects of friction on the motion of tide wave is discussed in detail.
This paper is devoted to the study of the propagation of tide wave in a basin with variable cross-sectional area. With the W.K.B. method an analytic solution of amplitude is obtained. It is found that the motion of co-oscillating tide wave in a basin with variable cross-section is a progressive one, depending on the cross-section as well as the frictional force. The effects of friction on the motion of tide wave is discussed in detail.
1985, (1): 9-20.
Abstract:
In this paper, by making use of data from Cooperative Study of the Kurosio and Adjacent Reions (CSK) together with part of the Geomagnetic Electrokinetograph (GEK) surface current observation data, we analyse the E section in detail for the following contents:
1. The variation characteristics of time and space in the current field of the Kuroshio.
2. The current axis structures of the Kuroshio and its main axis shift to the right with depth. Some parameter indications of the hydrographical elements are presented.
3. Comparison is made among the East of Taiwan Island, the Kuroshio in the East China Sea and the Kuroshio crossing the E section.
4. The geostrophic transports are calculated and their variations are analysed. The great difference of vertical transport distribution between the warm half year and cold half year is specifically indicated.
We think that this paper is of benefit to further studying the Kuroshio and to the exploitation and utilization of its resources.
In this paper, by making use of data from Cooperative Study of the Kurosio and Adjacent Reions (CSK) together with part of the Geomagnetic Electrokinetograph (GEK) surface current observation data, we analyse the E section in detail for the following contents:
1. The variation characteristics of time and space in the current field of the Kuroshio.
2. The current axis structures of the Kuroshio and its main axis shift to the right with depth. Some parameter indications of the hydrographical elements are presented.
3. Comparison is made among the East of Taiwan Island, the Kuroshio in the East China Sea and the Kuroshio crossing the E section.
4. The geostrophic transports are calculated and their variations are analysed. The great difference of vertical transport distribution between the warm half year and cold half year is specifically indicated.
We think that this paper is of benefit to further studying the Kuroshio and to the exploitation and utilization of its resources.
1985, (1): 21-34.
Abstract:
A contrasting study of the large-scale circulation features responsible for months or seasons with many hurricanes and those with few hurricanes has revealed that the frequency of hurricane formation over the North Atlantic Ocean is enhanced by the following conditions:
There exists a well-developed subtropical high-pressure belt displaced to the north; a deep Icelandic low; a stronger-than-normal polar vortex with a deep polar trough dipping far southward along the eastern part of the United States; a dominant high-pressure ridge over western Canada and the United States; and a jet stream displaced northward over these regions. At 200 hPa, an anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevails over the subtropical North Atlantic. A stronger-than-normal upper easterly flow prevails. Positive sea surface temperature anomalies prevailing on a seasonal or long-term basis tend to be favorable for the formation of hurricanes.
A contrasting study of the large-scale circulation features responsible for months or seasons with many hurricanes and those with few hurricanes has revealed that the frequency of hurricane formation over the North Atlantic Ocean is enhanced by the following conditions:
There exists a well-developed subtropical high-pressure belt displaced to the north; a deep Icelandic low; a stronger-than-normal polar vortex with a deep polar trough dipping far southward along the eastern part of the United States; a dominant high-pressure ridge over western Canada and the United States; and a jet stream displaced northward over these regions. At 200 hPa, an anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevails over the subtropical North Atlantic. A stronger-than-normal upper easterly flow prevails. Positive sea surface temperature anomalies prevailing on a seasonal or long-term basis tend to be favorable for the formation of hurricanes.
1985, (1): 35-41.
Abstract:
In the light of the sea level synoptic charts from July to August for 1975-1978, we obtained more observed records of low latitudes by using the analysed stream and temperature-moisture field (or so called energy field θe field and θse field), the main characteristics of these fields in the period of multi-typhoon genesis and of typhoon interval in the mid-summer are studied.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the position of the typhoon genesis and the typhoon track are generally consistent with the low temperature-moisture region of the sea surface as well as with its tendency, so that a valuable information is obtained for the forecast of the typhoon track.
In the light of the sea level synoptic charts from July to August for 1975-1978, we obtained more observed records of low latitudes by using the analysed stream and temperature-moisture field (or so called energy field θe field and θse field), the main characteristics of these fields in the period of multi-typhoon genesis and of typhoon interval in the mid-summer are studied.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the position of the typhoon genesis and the typhoon track are generally consistent with the low temperature-moisture region of the sea surface as well as with its tendency, so that a valuable information is obtained for the forecast of the typhoon track.
1985, (1): 42-51.
Abstract:
This article studies the interactions of trace-elements in seawater with clay minerals and presents a chemical model-the main action of cation exchange in lower concentration of Pb and the main action of surface precipitation in higher concentration of Pb. Two actions are proved by the pH effect and the temperature effect of the interaction respectively. Applying Toth equation describing gas-solid adsorption to our experimental systems, we have established the isothermal formulae for liquid-solid systems. The theory curves agree with the measuring results.
This article studies the interactions of trace-elements in seawater with clay minerals and presents a chemical model-the main action of cation exchange in lower concentration of Pb and the main action of surface precipitation in higher concentration of Pb. Two actions are proved by the pH effect and the temperature effect of the interaction respectively. Applying Toth equation describing gas-solid adsorption to our experimental systems, we have established the isothermal formulae for liquid-solid systems. The theory curves agree with the measuring results.
1985, (1): 52-63.
Abstract:
Research of chromium speciation in the Bohai Gulf showed that content of particulate chromium in estuarine area rea ched more than 90%, so it is an existing dominant speciation in the Bohai Gulf. Ratio between trivalent chromium to total dissolved chromium is over 80%, whereas contents of hexavalent chromium is very low. The mean content of Cr (Ⅲ) is 5.6 times higher than that of Cr (Ⅵ). Thus trivalent chromium is the prinicipal speciation of valency state of chromium in the Bohai Gulf.
Under the physical and chemical condition at the eatuary transferring mechanism of chromium in seawater of Bohai Gulf is done by absorption, complexion and subsequent settlement in the sediments of trivalent chromium by suspended matter. Therefore suspended matter plays a part on the purification of sewater for this gulf.
Research of chromium speciation in the Bohai Gulf showed that content of particulate chromium in estuarine area rea ched more than 90%, so it is an existing dominant speciation in the Bohai Gulf. Ratio between trivalent chromium to total dissolved chromium is over 80%, whereas contents of hexavalent chromium is very low. The mean content of Cr (Ⅲ) is 5.6 times higher than that of Cr (Ⅵ). Thus trivalent chromium is the prinicipal speciation of valency state of chromium in the Bohai Gulf.
Under the physical and chemical condition at the eatuary transferring mechanism of chromium in seawater of Bohai Gulf is done by absorption, complexion and subsequent settlement in the sediments of trivalent chromium by suspended matter. Therefore suspended matter plays a part on the purification of sewater for this gulf.
1985, (1): 64-72.
Abstract:
This paper indicates that there is a maximum value of vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in the South China Sea in summer, and that this maximum value in summer derives mainly from winter. A similar reservation occurs also in temperature under the thermocline. Above and below the depth of the oxygen maximum, the oxygen content is decreased by an increase of temperature, the biological respiration and the decomposition of organic matter respectively. The oxygen maximum usually occurs above 50 meters in depth where the phytoplankton presents in small amounts. The phytoplankton is only an influentical factor for the oxygen maximum, not a decisive one.
This paper indicates that there is a maximum value of vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in the South China Sea in summer, and that this maximum value in summer derives mainly from winter. A similar reservation occurs also in temperature under the thermocline. Above and below the depth of the oxygen maximum, the oxygen content is decreased by an increase of temperature, the biological respiration and the decomposition of organic matter respectively. The oxygen maximum usually occurs above 50 meters in depth where the phytoplankton presents in small amounts. The phytoplankton is only an influentical factor for the oxygen maximum, not a decisive one.
1985, (1): 73-81.
Abstract:
In sediments of the Central Pacific, water depth is the controlling factor of the distribution of Si, Al, Fe and CaCO3.In the shallow and subabysmal areas, CaCO3 content is much greater than that in the abysmal areas where Si, Al and Fe contents are much lower than those in shallow and subabysmal areas. The contents of Si, Al, and Fe increase and that of CaCO3 decrease with the variation of grain size of sediments from coarse to fine. The contents of Al, Si, and Fe are positively related to each other and the content of CaCO3 is negatively related to that of the three elements. The evident regularities of the distribution of Si, Al, Fe and CaCO3 in the sediments have revealed to a certain extent that they may be used as the environmental indicators in some cases.
In sediments of the Central Pacific, water depth is the controlling factor of the distribution of Si, Al, Fe and CaCO3.In the shallow and subabysmal areas, CaCO3 content is much greater than that in the abysmal areas where Si, Al and Fe contents are much lower than those in shallow and subabysmal areas. The contents of Si, Al, and Fe increase and that of CaCO3 decrease with the variation of grain size of sediments from coarse to fine. The contents of Al, Si, and Fe are positively related to each other and the content of CaCO3 is negatively related to that of the three elements. The evident regularities of the distribution of Si, Al, Fe and CaCO3 in the sediments have revealed to a certain extent that they may be used as the environmental indicators in some cases.
1985, (1): 82-91.
Abstract:
This paper describes the elevation and subsidence of coastal zone of southern Putian 3600 years BP, having basic characteristics of large magnitude, high frequency and fast rate. Among five times of elevation and subsidence ascertained so far, the largest magnitude of the subsidence is 12.5m, the largest magnitude of the elevation is 35.5 m, the difference of the magnitude of the elevation of beach rocks formed at the same time is 23.5 m, the average rate of the elevation and subsidence is from 5cm to 8 cm per year. The coastal elevation and subsidence over the last scores of years are of the faulted uplift zone in the south, of the faulted depression zone in the north, the average rates of the elevation and subsidence are respectively 6 cm per year and 8cm per year. In addition, it is found that the strong subsidences occurring in the past often have something to do with the big earthquakes.
This paper describes the elevation and subsidence of coastal zone of southern Putian 3600 years BP, having basic characteristics of large magnitude, high frequency and fast rate. Among five times of elevation and subsidence ascertained so far, the largest magnitude of the subsidence is 12.5m, the largest magnitude of the elevation is 35.5 m, the difference of the magnitude of the elevation of beach rocks formed at the same time is 23.5 m, the average rate of the elevation and subsidence is from 5cm to 8 cm per year. The coastal elevation and subsidence over the last scores of years are of the faulted uplift zone in the south, of the faulted depression zone in the north, the average rates of the elevation and subsidence are respectively 6 cm per year and 8cm per year. In addition, it is found that the strong subsidences occurring in the past often have something to do with the big earthquakes.
1985, (1): 92-98.
Abstract:
Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.
Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.
1985, (1): 99-106.
Abstract:
In this paper, a new method of making a quantitative comparison between the tectonic movement rates along the coastal areas is given. It is independent of any specific curve of sea level change. Meanwhile, by using the 14C data from samples of the Holocene coral reefs in China, the tectonic movement rates in the various coral reef distribution areas are calculated.
In this paper, a new method of making a quantitative comparison between the tectonic movement rates along the coastal areas is given. It is independent of any specific curve of sea level change. Meanwhile, by using the 14C data from samples of the Holocene coral reefs in China, the tectonic movement rates in the various coral reef distribution areas are calculated.
1985, (1): 107-112.
Abstract:
An active substance, shedding hormone capable of inducing parent clams to spawn and sper-miate, has preliminarily been isolated from the ovaries of Ruditapes philippinarum by means of ammonia sulfate precipitate of 25% concentration and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography in present study. The biological activity of the shedding hormone is above 95%. It is composed of sorts of amino acids by determination with an amino acid automatic analyzer. The experimental results indicate that the active substance is a polypeptide.
An active substance, shedding hormone capable of inducing parent clams to spawn and sper-miate, has preliminarily been isolated from the ovaries of Ruditapes philippinarum by means of ammonia sulfate precipitate of 25% concentration and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography in present study. The biological activity of the shedding hormone is above 95%. It is composed of sorts of amino acids by determination with an amino acid automatic analyzer. The experimental results indicate that the active substance is a polypeptide.
1985, (1): 113-120.
Abstract:
The geographical distribution and seasonal abundance of Pleurobrachia globosu are analyzed on the basis of 806 samples taken from 91 stations in six sea areas along the southeast coast of China from April 1960 to January 1979. This ctenophore species is seen in small quantities without evident annual peak, while it is seen throughout the year in southern Fujian in great quantities with three peaks. The annual quantity of the animal decreased gradually from southern Fujian northward and appeared in shorter periods. The peak number of annual quantity decreased gradully as well. It is tentatively concluded that in low temperatures (less than 25.5℃) salinity is a limiting factor for the distribution of P. globosa while temperature takes over the control when salinities are low (less than 27.5‰).The T-S-P diagram may be used to predict the occurrence of "bloom" of these animals and be useful for aquaculture in preventing unnecessary losses due to the predation of P. globosa.
The geographical distribution and seasonal abundance of Pleurobrachia globosu are analyzed on the basis of 806 samples taken from 91 stations in six sea areas along the southeast coast of China from April 1960 to January 1979. This ctenophore species is seen in small quantities without evident annual peak, while it is seen throughout the year in southern Fujian in great quantities with three peaks. The annual quantity of the animal decreased gradually from southern Fujian northward and appeared in shorter periods. The peak number of annual quantity decreased gradully as well. It is tentatively concluded that in low temperatures (less than 25.5℃) salinity is a limiting factor for the distribution of P. globosa while temperature takes over the control when salinities are low (less than 27.5‰).The T-S-P diagram may be used to predict the occurrence of "bloom" of these animals and be useful for aquaculture in preventing unnecessary losses due to the predation of P. globosa.
1985, (1): 121-130.
Abstract:
O-phthaldialdehyde is used for the determination of free amino acid in seawater by measuring the fluorescence produced by its reaction with the a-amino group of amino acids. This method is so sensitive that as little as 1-10 nM of amino acids and less than 1 ml of seawater may be sufficient for one test.
This method is simple, rapid and accurate and a-amino acids contained in seawater can directly be determined without concentration and extraction. It is free from the interference of large content of inorganic salts and other nitrogenous compounds in seawater.
A hundred and fifty-two samples collected at 24 stations in offshore of Zhejiang have been analyzed. The results obtained show that the range of concentration of the total free amino acid is 0.37-4.70 μM. The values are high near shore and low offshore.
O-phthaldialdehyde is used for the determination of free amino acid in seawater by measuring the fluorescence produced by its reaction with the a-amino group of amino acids. This method is so sensitive that as little as 1-10 nM of amino acids and less than 1 ml of seawater may be sufficient for one test.
This method is simple, rapid and accurate and a-amino acids contained in seawater can directly be determined without concentration and extraction. It is free from the interference of large content of inorganic salts and other nitrogenous compounds in seawater.
A hundred and fifty-two samples collected at 24 stations in offshore of Zhejiang have been analyzed. The results obtained show that the range of concentration of the total free amino acid is 0.37-4.70 μM. The values are high near shore and low offshore.
1985, (1): 131-134.
Abstract:
The East China Sea Subbureau of National Bureau of Oceanography carried out a comprehensive investigation in the East China Sea (28°-34°N, west to 127°E) from December, 1977 to November, 1978. From the planktonic ostracoda samples, we have discovered three male or female specimeans belonging to Euconchoecia, but different from five known species of the genera. Based on the observation and comparision, we identified them as a new species of Euconchoecia and named them as Euconchoecia bifurcata n. sp. to demonstrate their unique characteristic of having bifurcate front alorgan.
The East China Sea Subbureau of National Bureau of Oceanography carried out a comprehensive investigation in the East China Sea (28°-34°N, west to 127°E) from December, 1977 to November, 1978. From the planktonic ostracoda samples, we have discovered three male or female specimeans belonging to Euconchoecia, but different from five known species of the genera. Based on the observation and comparision, we identified them as a new species of Euconchoecia and named them as Euconchoecia bifurcata n. sp. to demonstrate their unique characteristic of having bifurcate front alorgan.
1985, (1): 135-142.
Abstract:
Nine experiments were carried out on 39 healthy male adults for a total of 54 decompressions from N2-O2 saturation diving at the denths of 20-50 m. Excess supersaturation pressures of nitrogen dissolved in 1200 min tissue were calculated at all depths in decompression. In Exp. Ⅷ when chamber pressure was decompressed from 50 m to 35 m, a slight decompression sickness occurred, while ΔP1200 reached 7.05 m. Based on the above-mentioned analysis and calculation, the stage decompression schedules of N2-O2 saturation exposure at 36.5 m were revised.
Nine experiments were carried out on 39 healthy male adults for a total of 54 decompressions from N2-O2 saturation diving at the denths of 20-50 m. Excess supersaturation pressures of nitrogen dissolved in 1200 min tissue were calculated at all depths in decompression. In Exp. Ⅷ when chamber pressure was decompressed from 50 m to 35 m, a slight decompression sickness occurred, while ΔP1200 reached 7.05 m. Based on the above-mentioned analysis and calculation, the stage decompression schedules of N2-O2 saturation exposure at 36.5 m were revised.
1985, (1): 143-152.
Abstract:
Combination of a fixed design wave height with various wave periods may exert quite different wave loads on ocean structure. The response of structure induced by mild sea state may be larger than that by severe sea state because the frequency of the spectral peak for mild sea state is near to the natural frequency of structure. Thus it is necessary to investigate the worst combination between wave height and period, and also the critical combination between sea state and response for any design criteria. This paper presents a new combinative mode of wave height and period for equal return period. The selections of original design wave height and the critical combination of sea state with response for equal probability are also discussed.
Combination of a fixed design wave height with various wave periods may exert quite different wave loads on ocean structure. The response of structure induced by mild sea state may be larger than that by severe sea state because the frequency of the spectral peak for mild sea state is near to the natural frequency of structure. Thus it is necessary to investigate the worst combination between wave height and period, and also the critical combination between sea state and response for any design criteria. This paper presents a new combinative mode of wave height and period for equal return period. The selections of original design wave height and the critical combination of sea state with response for equal probability are also discussed.
1985, (1): 153-164.
Abstract:
There are two basic types of scouring pattern of a sand bed in front of a vertical breakwater under the action of standing waves due to the differences of the sand grain sizes and of the wave conditions. The expressions of the scouring profile, the ultimate maximum scouring depth and the development of the scouring for two scouring patterns based on the experimental data are given in the present paper.
The scale laws for the sand grain size and for the scouring depth are derived, thus making it possible to apply the results from the model tests to the prototype conditions. The influence of the scouring patterns on the stability of the foundations of vertical breakwaters is discussed through some typical examples in the paper.
There are two basic types of scouring pattern of a sand bed in front of a vertical breakwater under the action of standing waves due to the differences of the sand grain sizes and of the wave conditions. The expressions of the scouring profile, the ultimate maximum scouring depth and the development of the scouring for two scouring patterns based on the experimental data are given in the present paper.
The scale laws for the sand grain size and for the scouring depth are derived, thus making it possible to apply the results from the model tests to the prototype conditions. The influence of the scouring patterns on the stability of the foundations of vertical breakwaters is discussed through some typical examples in the paper.
1985, (1): 165-166.
Abstract:
1985, (1): 166-167.
Abstract:
