2003 Vol. 22, No. 1
Display Method:
2003, (1): 1-14.
Abstract:
Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) is a newly developed powerful method for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis.The empirical mode decomposition is the key part of HHT,while its algorithm was protected by NASA as a US patent,which limits the wide application among the scientific community.Two approaches,mirror periodic and extrema extending methods,have been developed for handling the end effects of empirical mode decomposition.The implementation of the HHT is realized in detail to widen the application.The detailed comparison of the results from two methods with that from Huang et al.(1998,1999),and the comparison between two methods are presented.Generally,both methods reproduce faithful results as those of Huang et al.For mirror periodic method(MPM),the data are extended once forever.Ideally,it is a way for handling the end effects of the HHT,especially for the signal that has symmetric waveform.The extrema extending method(EEM) behaves as good as MPM,and it is better than MPM for the signal that has strong asymmetric waveform.However,it has to perform extrema exvelope extending every shifting process.
Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) is a newly developed powerful method for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis.The empirical mode decomposition is the key part of HHT,while its algorithm was protected by NASA as a US patent,which limits the wide application among the scientific community.Two approaches,mirror periodic and extrema extending methods,have been developed for handling the end effects of empirical mode decomposition.The implementation of the HHT is realized in detail to widen the application.The detailed comparison of the results from two methods with that from Huang et al.(1998,1999),and the comparison between two methods are presented.Generally,both methods reproduce faithful results as those of Huang et al.For mirror periodic method(MPM),the data are extended once forever.Ideally,it is a way for handling the end effects of the HHT,especially for the signal that has symmetric waveform.The extrema extending method(EEM) behaves as good as MPM,and it is better than MPM for the signal that has strong asymmetric waveform.However,it has to perform extrema exvelope extending every shifting process.
2003, (1): 15-24.
Abstract:
Temperature data at different layers of the past 45 years were studied and we found adiploe mode in the thermocline layer(DMT):anomalously cold sea temperature off the coast of Sumatra and warm sea temperature in the western Indian Ocean.First,we analyzed the temperature and the temperature anomaly(TA) along the equatorial Indian Ocean in different layers.This shows that stronger cold and warm TA signals appeared at subsurface than at the surface in the tropical Indian Ocean.This result shows that there may be a strong dipole mode pattern in the subsurface tropical Indian Ocean.Secondly we used Empirical Orthogonal Functions(EOF) to analyze the TA at thermocline layer.The first EOF pattern was a dipole mode pattern.Finally we analyzed the correlations between DMT and surface tropical dipole mode(SDM),DMT and Nino 3 SSTA,etc.and these correlations are strong.
Temperature data at different layers of the past 45 years were studied and we found adiploe mode in the thermocline layer(DMT):anomalously cold sea temperature off the coast of Sumatra and warm sea temperature in the western Indian Ocean.First,we analyzed the temperature and the temperature anomaly(TA) along the equatorial Indian Ocean in different layers.This shows that stronger cold and warm TA signals appeared at subsurface than at the surface in the tropical Indian Ocean.This result shows that there may be a strong dipole mode pattern in the subsurface tropical Indian Ocean.Secondly we used Empirical Orthogonal Functions(EOF) to analyze the TA at thermocline layer.The first EOF pattern was a dipole mode pattern.Finally we analyzed the correlations between DMT and surface tropical dipole mode(SDM),DMT and Nino 3 SSTA,etc.and these correlations are strong.
2003, (1): 25-34.
Abstract:
The ocean fishery and the corresponding environment are highly interrelated according tothe production experiences of ocean fishing population.The spatial cluster patterns are constructed using the remote sensed data and long-time series fishery production data under the uniform coordinate based on GIS techniques.Thus,the hidden information of distribution regularities between ocean-hydrologic factors and central fishing ground can be extracted from these patterns.It is important to forecast the ocean fishery production.
The ocean fishery and the corresponding environment are highly interrelated according tothe production experiences of ocean fishing population.The spatial cluster patterns are constructed using the remote sensed data and long-time series fishery production data under the uniform coordinate based on GIS techniques.Thus,the hidden information of distribution regularities between ocean-hydrologic factors and central fishing ground can be extracted from these patterns.It is important to forecast the ocean fishery production.
2003, (1): 35-45.
Abstract:
The coastal zone and offshore are clearly of major economic and social importance,in thesame time it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem too.The research on and development of integrated application techniques for remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic and dynamic and synchronous technical means to the monitor,but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solve the ecological environment problem.The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data.By developing remote sensing information extraction module,integrated user platform,and application module objected to the real ocean procedure for China's coastal zone and offshore,the information system consists of the management of prodigious amount of data,display,analysis,simulation and output will be constructed and implemented.The final objective is to transform the research on ocean remote sensing into application.
The coastal zone and offshore are clearly of major economic and social importance,in thesame time it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem too.The research on and development of integrated application techniques for remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic and dynamic and synchronous technical means to the monitor,but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solve the ecological environment problem.The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data.By developing remote sensing information extraction module,integrated user platform,and application module objected to the real ocean procedure for China's coastal zone and offshore,the information system consists of the management of prodigious amount of data,display,analysis,simulation and output will be constructed and implemented.The final objective is to transform the research on ocean remote sensing into application.
2003, (1): 47-55.
Abstract:
The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model.The influences of the processes(including horizontal advection,river nutrient load,active transport etc.) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated.The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere.During the cycle,13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8% of it are consumed by the respiration itself.The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the remineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic.Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas.Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary.Controlling the input of the nutrient,which limits the alga growth,can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.
The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model.The influences of the processes(including horizontal advection,river nutrient load,active transport etc.) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated.The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere.During the cycle,13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8% of it are consumed by the respiration itself.The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the remineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic.Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas.Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary.Controlling the input of the nutrient,which limits the alga growth,can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass.
2003, (1): 57-68.
Abstract:
Carbon cycle is connected with the most important environmental issue of Global Change.As one of the major carbon reservoirs,oceans play an important part in the carbon cycle.In recent years,iron seems to give us a good news that oceanic iron fertilization could stimulate biological productivity as CO2 sink of human-produced CO2.Oceanic iron fertilization experiments have verified that adding iron into high nutrient low chlorophyll(HNLC) seawaters can increase phytoplankton production and export organic carbon,and hence increase carbon sink of anthropogenic CO2,to reduce global warming.In sixty days,the export organic carbon could reach 10 000 times for adding iron by model prediction and in situ experiment,i.e.the atmospheric CO2 uptake and inorganic carbon drawdown in upper seawaters also have the same magnitude.Therefore,oceanic iron fertilization is one of the strategies for increasing carbon sink of anthropogenic CO2.The paper is focused on the iron fertilization,especially in situ ocean iron experiments in order that the future research is more efficient.
Carbon cycle is connected with the most important environmental issue of Global Change.As one of the major carbon reservoirs,oceans play an important part in the carbon cycle.In recent years,iron seems to give us a good news that oceanic iron fertilization could stimulate biological productivity as CO2 sink of human-produced CO2.Oceanic iron fertilization experiments have verified that adding iron into high nutrient low chlorophyll(HNLC) seawaters can increase phytoplankton production and export organic carbon,and hence increase carbon sink of anthropogenic CO2,to reduce global warming.In sixty days,the export organic carbon could reach 10 000 times for adding iron by model prediction and in situ experiment,i.e.the atmospheric CO2 uptake and inorganic carbon drawdown in upper seawaters also have the same magnitude.Therefore,oceanic iron fertilization is one of the strategies for increasing carbon sink of anthropogenic CO2.The paper is focused on the iron fertilization,especially in situ ocean iron experiments in order that the future research is more efficient.
2003, (1): 69-74.
Abstract:
The palaeochannel evolution in the study region is divided into four stages by such methods as 14C dating.Sea water intrusion through palaeochannels has been studied as a focal point.Palaeochannels are the main passageways through which the sea water intrudes at a higher speed,through many means and in a changeable dynamic state.
The palaeochannel evolution in the study region is divided into four stages by such methods as 14C dating.Sea water intrusion through palaeochannels has been studied as a focal point.Palaeochannels are the main passageways through which the sea water intrudes at a higher speed,through many means and in a changeable dynamic state.
2003, (1): 75-87.
Abstract:
The standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats have seasonally been observed in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays of the northern China coast during 1999-2000.The results show that the annual primary productions of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the two bays are 2 532 and 7 542 tons carbon,which would be able to support 3.1×103 and 9.2×103 tons shellfish meat,respectively.The nature of sediment is essential for governing the biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats.The biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats with muddy sediments are higher than those with sandy sediments,which resulted from higher nutrient concentration and lower grazing pressure.That is the reason why in comparison with Xiangshan Bay the standing crop and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays are low.Light was a key factor controlling vertical distribution of biomass and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the two bays,resulted in appearance of maximum chlorophyll a and primary production at the surface layer and sharply decreased with depth of sediment.
The standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats have seasonally been observed in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays of the northern China coast during 1999-2000.The results show that the annual primary productions of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the two bays are 2 532 and 7 542 tons carbon,which would be able to support 3.1×103 and 9.2×103 tons shellfish meat,respectively.The nature of sediment is essential for governing the biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats.The biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats with muddy sediments are higher than those with sandy sediments,which resulted from higher nutrient concentration and lower grazing pressure.That is the reason why in comparison with Xiangshan Bay the standing crop and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays are low.Light was a key factor controlling vertical distribution of biomass and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the two bays,resulted in appearance of maximum chlorophyll a and primary production at the surface layer and sharply decreased with depth of sediment.
2003, (1): 89-95.
Abstract:
General nutrient components including moisture,ash,crude protein,lipid and carbohydrate,inorganic elements,photosynthetic pigments,amino acids and fatty acids of Bangia sp.were analyzed and compared with Porphyra yezoensis.The results indicated that the content of protein,total amino acids and free amino acids accounted for 47.2%,42.6% and 3.3% in dried Bangia sp.,respectively,all essential amino acids were present in relatively high levels and desirable composition.Lipid was 1.8%,in which the eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) reached 50.5%.In per 100 g dried material,the content of chlorophyll,carotenoids,phycoerythrin and phycocyanin accounted for 766,208,4 600 and 2963 mg,respectively.Inorganic elements necessary for human body were found to be abundant in Bangia sp.The results showed that the nutritive value of Bangia sp.was the highest among algae reported so far,and the industry of Bangia sp.was provided with significant economic importance and developing potential.
General nutrient components including moisture,ash,crude protein,lipid and carbohydrate,inorganic elements,photosynthetic pigments,amino acids and fatty acids of Bangia sp.were analyzed and compared with Porphyra yezoensis.The results indicated that the content of protein,total amino acids and free amino acids accounted for 47.2%,42.6% and 3.3% in dried Bangia sp.,respectively,all essential amino acids were present in relatively high levels and desirable composition.Lipid was 1.8%,in which the eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) reached 50.5%.In per 100 g dried material,the content of chlorophyll,carotenoids,phycoerythrin and phycocyanin accounted for 766,208,4 600 and 2963 mg,respectively.Inorganic elements necessary for human body were found to be abundant in Bangia sp.The results showed that the nutritive value of Bangia sp.was the highest among algae reported so far,and the industry of Bangia sp.was provided with significant economic importance and developing potential.
2003, (1): 97-101.
Abstract:
Genetic diversity of cultivated populations was investigated using assay of vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 4 species of shrimps,which were Penaeus japonicus,Penaeus monodon,Penaeus vannamei and Metapenaeus ensis.The results showed that the mean number of alle-les per locus(A) is 1.3±0.2,1.3±0.1,1.3±0.1 and 1.3 ±0.1 respectively; the percentage of polymorphic loci(P0.95) is 12.5,6.7,20 and 23.5 respectively; the expected heterozygosity(He) is 0.042±0.034,0.042±0.031,0.094±0.042 and 0.097±0.047 respectively; and the observed heterozygosity(H0)is 0.029±0.024,0.028±0.023,0.154±0.082 and 0.150±0.084 respectively.The difference of genetic diversity is obvious in 4 species of shrimps.The degree of genetic diversity is M.ensis > P.vannamei > P.japonicus > P.monodon.In short,the lower level of genetic diversity is estimated in 4 species of shrimps.
Genetic diversity of cultivated populations was investigated using assay of vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 4 species of shrimps,which were Penaeus japonicus,Penaeus monodon,Penaeus vannamei and Metapenaeus ensis.The results showed that the mean number of alle-les per locus(A) is 1.3±0.2,1.3±0.1,1.3±0.1 and 1.3 ±0.1 respectively; the percentage of polymorphic loci(P0.95) is 12.5,6.7,20 and 23.5 respectively; the expected heterozygosity(He) is 0.042±0.034,0.042±0.031,0.094±0.042 and 0.097±0.047 respectively; and the observed heterozygosity(H0)is 0.029±0.024,0.028±0.023,0.154±0.082 and 0.150±0.084 respectively.The difference of genetic diversity is obvious in 4 species of shrimps.The degree of genetic diversity is M.ensis > P.vannamei > P.japonicus > P.monodon.In short,the lower level of genetic diversity is estimated in 4 species of shrimps.
2003, (1): 103-109.
Abstract:
The effects of a PSP producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on marine bivalvesat their several important life stages:egg,D-shape larva,eyespot larva,juvenile and adult,were studied.The results show that the hatching,survival,activity,filtration and growth were adversely affected by the alga and the impact was significantly increased with the increase of algal density.The inhibitory effect on egg hatching was most significant,which the hatching rate was only 30% of the control when exposed to the alga at 100 cell/cm3 after 36 h.Further experiments show that the algal culture,re-suspended cells and cell fragments had the inhibitory effect,while no such effect was from the cell-free medium,cell contents and standard STX.The results indicate that the alga could produce unknown toxins,rather than PSP,associated with the cell surface.
The effects of a PSP producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on marine bivalvesat their several important life stages:egg,D-shape larva,eyespot larva,juvenile and adult,were studied.The results show that the hatching,survival,activity,filtration and growth were adversely affected by the alga and the impact was significantly increased with the increase of algal density.The inhibitory effect on egg hatching was most significant,which the hatching rate was only 30% of the control when exposed to the alga at 100 cell/cm3 after 36 h.Further experiments show that the algal culture,re-suspended cells and cell fragments had the inhibitory effect,while no such effect was from the cell-free medium,cell contents and standard STX.The results indicate that the alga could produce unknown toxins,rather than PSP,associated with the cell surface.
2003, (1): 111-122.
Abstract:
In order to evaluate the involvement of the thyroid gland in reproduction,thyroid functioning was described in female cultivated Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica) in progressive stages of sexual maturation induced by chum salmon pituitary homogenate(SPH) treatment.Serum thyroid hormones,thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) were also measured in each stage.Thyroid gland activity(epithelial cell height) was high before SPH injection(previtellogenic stage),further increasing at the early vitellogenic stage,thereafter decreasing to late vitellogenic and migratory nucleus stages.The profiles of both T3 and T4 changed during vitellogenesis,being high during previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages,and subsequently declining,thus mimicking thyroid gland activity.These results suggest that the thyroid has relation with eel ovarian development during artificial maturation.
In order to evaluate the involvement of the thyroid gland in reproduction,thyroid functioning was described in female cultivated Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica) in progressive stages of sexual maturation induced by chum salmon pituitary homogenate(SPH) treatment.Serum thyroid hormones,thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) were also measured in each stage.Thyroid gland activity(epithelial cell height) was high before SPH injection(previtellogenic stage),further increasing at the early vitellogenic stage,thereafter decreasing to late vitellogenic and migratory nucleus stages.The profiles of both T3 and T4 changed during vitellogenesis,being high during previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages,and subsequently declining,thus mimicking thyroid gland activity.These results suggest that the thyroid has relation with eel ovarian development during artificial maturation.
2003, (1): 123-132.
Abstract:
The experiment and numerical computations of longshore currents produced by regularwaves on the two beaches with the slopes of 1:100 and 1:40 are made.The cross-shore distributions of longshore current velocities and wave heights are given and the influences of wave heights,wave periods and beach slopes on the longshore currents are discussed.The discussion is also made for the influences of different eddy viscosity coefficients on the numerical results of longshore current velocities.
The experiment and numerical computations of longshore currents produced by regularwaves on the two beaches with the slopes of 1:100 and 1:40 are made.The cross-shore distributions of longshore current velocities and wave heights are given and the influences of wave heights,wave periods and beach slopes on the longshore currents are discussed.The discussion is also made for the influences of different eddy viscosity coefficients on the numerical results of longshore current velocities.
2003, (1): 133-143.
Abstract:
Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.
Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.
2003, (1): 145-150.
Abstract:
The oysters(Saccostrea cuculiata) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island(Lundu Port,Xinglin Bay,Tong'an Bay,Huangcuo).The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione(GSH),the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated.The results showed:(1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations(Lundu Port,Xinglin Bay,Tong'an Bay,Huangcuo) were 380.68,112.34,27.31,20.37μg/g wet weight,respectively;(2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill,and the content of GSH seemed reversibly;(3) among the four stations,both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon,could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.
The oysters(Saccostrea cuculiata) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island(Lundu Port,Xinglin Bay,Tong'an Bay,Huangcuo).The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione(GSH),the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated.The results showed:(1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations(Lundu Port,Xinglin Bay,Tong'an Bay,Huangcuo) were 380.68,112.34,27.31,20.37μg/g wet weight,respectively;(2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill,and the content of GSH seemed reversibly;(3) among the four stations,both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon,could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.
