1984 Vol. 3, No. 3
Display Method:
1984, (3): 303-312.
Abstract:
In this paper, the characteristic difference schemes are adopted and the proof calculation of actual measurement data of the Qiantangjiang River is made.The calculating result is in agreement with actual measurement data and conforms with the requirements of the engineering (see Table 1, Table 2 and Fig.2).
In the end, the hydraulics model Eq. (16) is discussed and the discussion shows that the characteristic difference schemes (21) can be used to calculate the tidal bore (discontinuity solutions) because the schemes have a pesudo-viscous term (see Theorem Ⅰ.)
In this paper, the characteristic difference schemes are adopted and the proof calculation of actual measurement data of the Qiantangjiang River is made.The calculating result is in agreement with actual measurement data and conforms with the requirements of the engineering (see Table 1, Table 2 and Fig.2).
In the end, the hydraulics model Eq. (16) is discussed and the discussion shows that the characteristic difference schemes (21) can be used to calculate the tidal bore (discontinuity solutions) because the schemes have a pesudo-viscous term (see Theorem Ⅰ.)
1984, (3): 313-320.
Abstract:
This paper aims at revealing the correlation between microtexture of sediments and their acoustic presentation as well as the effect of phytico-geotechntcal characteristics upon sound velocities of the sea floor.Our results show that the unconfined pressing strength can be used as a supplement to the velocity calculation based on the porosity for sediments.Thil would improve results calculated leaving the pore structure out of consideration as the equation given by R.S.Anderson, in no respect to measuring the microtexture of pores.
This paper aims at revealing the correlation between microtexture of sediments and their acoustic presentation as well as the effect of phytico-geotechntcal characteristics upon sound velocities of the sea floor.Our results show that the unconfined pressing strength can be used as a supplement to the velocity calculation based on the porosity for sediments.Thil would improve results calculated leaving the pore structure out of consideration as the equation given by R.S.Anderson, in no respect to measuring the microtexture of pores.
1984, (3): 321-326.
Abstract:
Marine biological choruses observed in Xiamen harbour from August 1981 to October 1982 lasted for a few hours each time during the neap tide in spring, summer and autumn, in both the evening and the morning, with molt energy at frequencies between 700 Hz and 1.6 kHz and spectral peaks mainly at 800 Hz, 1 kHz and 1.25 kHz.During choruses, noise spectrum levels rose up to 46 dB higher than the background noise in the sea Mate 0.The statistics of occurrence of the evening choruses indicate that they might be fairly widespread in and near shallow waters of the region.Sources of such choruses are likely to be attributed to Johnnius belengerii and Collichthys lucidus of the family Sciaenidae.
Marine biological choruses observed in Xiamen harbour from August 1981 to October 1982 lasted for a few hours each time during the neap tide in spring, summer and autumn, in both the evening and the morning, with molt energy at frequencies between 700 Hz and 1.6 kHz and spectral peaks mainly at 800 Hz, 1 kHz and 1.25 kHz.During choruses, noise spectrum levels rose up to 46 dB higher than the background noise in the sea Mate 0.The statistics of occurrence of the evening choruses indicate that they might be fairly widespread in and near shallow waters of the region.Sources of such choruses are likely to be attributed to Johnnius belengerii and Collichthys lucidus of the family Sciaenidae.
1984, (3): 327-338.
Abstract:
A contrasting study of the large-scale circulation features responsible for months with many typhoons and months with tew typhoons has revealed that the frequency of typhoon formation over the Northwest Pacific is related to the following conditions:
Over the Northwest Pacific, a well-defined ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) extending eastward to 160°E was displaced to 20°N.At 200 mb, an extensive anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevails over the western and central Pacific.The condition characteristic of a break in the monsoon prevailed in India.The monsoon trough at 500 mb and at the surface over the Indian Peninsula was relatively weak and was accompanied by higher-than-normal rainfall in the northern part of India and lower-than-normal rainfall over the peninsula.In addition, the polar vortex tends to be weak and move to the side of the Northern Hemisphere, opposite to the North Pacific.Finally, abnormally warm water was observed over the Central and Eastern Pacific and abnormally cold water over the West Pacific in summer as well as in the preceding spring.
A contrasting study of the large-scale circulation features responsible for months with many typhoons and months with tew typhoons has revealed that the frequency of typhoon formation over the Northwest Pacific is related to the following conditions:
Over the Northwest Pacific, a well-defined ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) extending eastward to 160°E was displaced to 20°N.At 200 mb, an extensive anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevails over the western and central Pacific.The condition characteristic of a break in the monsoon prevailed in India.The monsoon trough at 500 mb and at the surface over the Indian Peninsula was relatively weak and was accompanied by higher-than-normal rainfall in the northern part of India and lower-than-normal rainfall over the peninsula.In addition, the polar vortex tends to be weak and move to the side of the Northern Hemisphere, opposite to the North Pacific.Finally, abnormally warm water was observed over the Central and Eastern Pacific and abnormally cold water over the West Pacific in summer as well as in the preceding spring.
1984, (3): 339-348.
Abstract:
In this paper we investigated the variations of summer montoon in the South China Sea.We found that there are two kinds of oscillations in the intensity of the monsoon, one has a period of forty days, the other, fourteen days.We also found that the oscillation of a period of forty days is caused by the alternative extension of the monsoon trough eastward in the South China Sea and the extension of the subtropical anticyclone westward in the West Pacific.
It is our opinion that the summer monsoon in the West Pacific and the South China Sea is a system which is independent of the Indian monsoon and that the dividing line between these two monsoon systems is at the longitude 100°E.
In this paper we investigated the variations of summer montoon in the South China Sea.We found that there are two kinds of oscillations in the intensity of the monsoon, one has a period of forty days, the other, fourteen days.We also found that the oscillation of a period of forty days is caused by the alternative extension of the monsoon trough eastward in the South China Sea and the extension of the subtropical anticyclone westward in the West Pacific.
It is our opinion that the summer monsoon in the West Pacific and the South China Sea is a system which is independent of the Indian monsoon and that the dividing line between these two monsoon systems is at the longitude 100°E.
1984, (3): 349-354.
Abstract:
So far, no literature has ever reported the prediction of plant diseases and insects outbreak by using sea surface temperature.This article aims at setting up a long-range prediction model of the outbreak quantity and period for the first-generation armyworm by using the surface water temperature of the North Pacific as predictor.Our preliminary study has yielded a desirable result, which adds a new approach of modelling in the prediction of armyworm outbreak.
So far, no literature has ever reported the prediction of plant diseases and insects outbreak by using sea surface temperature.This article aims at setting up a long-range prediction model of the outbreak quantity and period for the first-generation armyworm by using the surface water temperature of the North Pacific as predictor.Our preliminary study has yielded a desirable result, which adds a new approach of modelling in the prediction of armyworm outbreak.
1984, (3): 355-362.
Abstract:
Chlorinity, salinity, alkalinity and conductivity ratio at 15℃ have been determined for the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary, and tome mathematical expressions of relationships between these chemical factors have been derived.These measurements form a basis of understanding the bydrochemical states of this estuary.
Chlorinity, salinity, alkalinity and conductivity ratio at 15℃ have been determined for the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary, and tome mathematical expressions of relationships between these chemical factors have been derived.These measurements form a basis of understanding the bydrochemical states of this estuary.
1984, (3): 363-368.
Abstract:
The methods of ion exchange-elcctrodcposition, ion exchange-precipitation for source-making, and for determining 65Zn in marine environment have been studied in detail.The chemical and radiochemical yields are 90% for organism and sediment, and 85% for seawater.They have good repeatability with a precision of 3%.The decontamination factors for radioactive nuclides are larger than 103.The preconcentration of seawater and the electrode position for source-making are significantly improved and can be used on thin and even source-measucing, applicable to low background β counting.
The methods of ion exchange-elcctrodcposition, ion exchange-precipitation for source-making, and for determining 65Zn in marine environment have been studied in detail.The chemical and radiochemical yields are 90% for organism and sediment, and 85% for seawater.They have good repeatability with a precision of 3%.The decontamination factors for radioactive nuclides are larger than 103.The preconcentration of seawater and the electrode position for source-making are significantly improved and can be used on thin and even source-measucing, applicable to low background β counting.
1984, (3): 369-375.
Abstract:
In this paper, a comparison viral made between the two results of determining Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in seawater by direct current (tripping voltammetry (DCS) with rotating glass carbon electrode and by differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPS) with hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).By DCS, the range of linear calibration curves obtained was 4×10-3 M-2×10-7M for Cu, Zn and Cd, and 4×10-9M-2×10-3M for Pb.By using DPS, the range of linear calibration curve was as follows:Cu 0.65-1.9 ppb; Pb 1.0-10 ppb; Zn 0.65-2.0 ppb; Cd 0.02-0.14 ppb.It was found that DCS could be used for determining Pb, Cu, Zn in coastal waters, but it is necessary to add gallium ion to it to eliminate the interference of Cu-Zn inter-metallic compound for determining Zn.The DPS is better for determinig Cd.
In this paper, a comparison viral made between the two results of determining Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in seawater by direct current (tripping voltammetry (DCS) with rotating glass carbon electrode and by differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPS) with hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).By DCS, the range of linear calibration curves obtained was 4×10-3 M-2×10-7M for Cu, Zn and Cd, and 4×10-9M-2×10-3M for Pb.By using DPS, the range of linear calibration curve was as follows:Cu 0.65-1.9 ppb; Pb 1.0-10 ppb; Zn 0.65-2.0 ppb; Cd 0.02-0.14 ppb.It was found that DCS could be used for determining Pb, Cu, Zn in coastal waters, but it is necessary to add gallium ion to it to eliminate the interference of Cu-Zn inter-metallic compound for determining Zn.The DPS is better for determinig Cd.
1984, (3): 376-384.
Abstract:
Two cores and ten surface sediment samples were taken in the western area of Mid-Pacific during the investigation from December 1978 to July 1979.According to the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and CaCO3 in the surface samples, the investigated area is divided into three different sediment regions.The initial depth of lysocline of this area is estimated at about 3500 m and the CaCO3 compensation depth (CCD) is 5000 m.The water depth of the sediment core at L2016 is 2705 m and it is located above the lysocline.The sediments belong to white planktonic foraminiferal ooze.The evolution of paleoclimate is studied according to the variation of the following three parameters:the abundance value of the species indicating warm of planktonic foriminifera, the solution index and the determination of the paleotemperature carve of δ18O.The age of 4.2 m-long core is estimated at about 300, 000 years BP according to the extinct time of the pink shell G.rubra, and the comparison between cores.
Two cores and ten surface sediment samples were taken in the western area of Mid-Pacific during the investigation from December 1978 to July 1979.According to the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and CaCO3 in the surface samples, the investigated area is divided into three different sediment regions.The initial depth of lysocline of this area is estimated at about 3500 m and the CaCO3 compensation depth (CCD) is 5000 m.The water depth of the sediment core at L2016 is 2705 m and it is located above the lysocline.The sediments belong to white planktonic foraminiferal ooze.The evolution of paleoclimate is studied according to the variation of the following three parameters:the abundance value of the species indicating warm of planktonic foriminifera, the solution index and the determination of the paleotemperature carve of δ18O.The age of 4.2 m-long core is estimated at about 300, 000 years BP according to the extinct time of the pink shell G.rubra, and the comparison between cores.
1984, (3): 385-397.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the origin and development of the Zhujiang Delta on the basis of the analyses of the fault systems, lithofacies, depositional thickness, ancient coastline and 14C dating.We consider that the delta is a multi-faulting block, whose external form, internal structure and configuration of its ancient coastline are all strictly controlled by three active sets of the NE, NW and WE faults.
This paper discusses the origin and development of the Zhujiang Delta on the basis of the analyses of the fault systems, lithofacies, depositional thickness, ancient coastline and 14C dating.We consider that the delta is a multi-faulting block, whose external form, internal structure and configuration of its ancient coastline are all strictly controlled by three active sets of the NE, NW and WE faults.
1984, (3): 398-408.
Abstract:
Bated on the paleogcomagnetum ot the sediments derived from drilling cores in the Jiao-zhou Bay and the 14C-dating, combined with the analyses of the paleomicrobiology, spore-pollen, grain size and ainino acid, the following results are obtained:(ⅰ) Structural fractures formed the framework for the Jiaozhou Bay. (ⅱ) jiaozhou Bay was a continental basin during the low tea level of the glacial period in 20000-11000 yr BP. (ⅲ) Sea level rose again, thus forming the initial Jiaozhou Bay during the poit-glacial period since 11000 yr BP. (ⅳ) Distribution of the sub-marinf relief of the Jiaozhou Bay was finally formed due to the reconstruction of As tidal current and the fluvial hydrodynamical actions, (ⅴ) It can be estimated that the Holocene of the jiaozhou Bay began at 11000 yr BP on the basis of the comparison between the sedirnental characteristics of the Jiaozhou Bay and that of the Huaoghai Sea.
Bated on the paleogcomagnetum ot the sediments derived from drilling cores in the Jiao-zhou Bay and the 14C-dating, combined with the analyses of the paleomicrobiology, spore-pollen, grain size and ainino acid, the following results are obtained:(ⅰ) Structural fractures formed the framework for the Jiaozhou Bay. (ⅱ) jiaozhou Bay was a continental basin during the low tea level of the glacial period in 20000-11000 yr BP. (ⅲ) Sea level rose again, thus forming the initial Jiaozhou Bay during the poit-glacial period since 11000 yr BP. (ⅳ) Distribution of the sub-marinf relief of the Jiaozhou Bay was finally formed due to the reconstruction of As tidal current and the fluvial hydrodynamical actions, (ⅴ) It can be estimated that the Holocene of the jiaozhou Bay began at 11000 yr BP on the basis of the comparison between the sedirnental characteristics of the Jiaozhou Bay and that of the Huaoghai Sea.
1984, (3): 409-416.
Abstract:
The present investigation a baled on the collection of the eggs and larvae in the past several years during March, 1964 to February 1965, January to October 1973, January 1975 to May 1976, and January 1978 to February 1979 respectively from the South China Sea.The plank-tonic larvae of Katsuwonus pelamis albacores and Auxis thazard were examined for the occurrence and distribution in those waters.According to the occurrence of these larvae, one will be able to conjecture their activity area and spawning season of the adult species in the South China Sea.The main spawning season of the three species is from April to August in those years.
The present investigation a baled on the collection of the eggs and larvae in the past several years during March, 1964 to February 1965, January to October 1973, January 1975 to May 1976, and January 1978 to February 1979 respectively from the South China Sea.The plank-tonic larvae of Katsuwonus pelamis albacores and Auxis thazard were examined for the occurrence and distribution in those waters.According to the occurrence of these larvae, one will be able to conjecture their activity area and spawning season of the adult species in the South China Sea.The main spawning season of the three species is from April to August in those years.
1984, (3): 417-423.
Abstract:
The present study is based on the materials collected from the middle waters of the South China Sea between 12°-15°N and 111°-118°E during May to July in 1978.
The biomass of the phytoplankton (Y, dependent variable) is established to give the biomass of each Species and the environmental factors (i.e.water temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate and phosphate contents), X1, X2…, X189 are independent variables that are used to stepwisc regression analysis.Accordicg to the mathematical tests and the practical experience by which a lot of species are deleted and added to the equation, the authors consider that the 4th equation as shown below is optimal one for the model of the biomass on the phytoplankton from this waters.
The optimal equation refers to text.
The present study is based on the materials collected from the middle waters of the South China Sea between 12°-15°N and 111°-118°E during May to July in 1978.
The biomass of the phytoplankton (Y, dependent variable) is established to give the biomass of each Species and the environmental factors (i.e.water temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate and phosphate contents), X1, X2…, X189 are independent variables that are used to stepwisc regression analysis.Accordicg to the mathematical tests and the practical experience by which a lot of species are deleted and added to the equation, the authors consider that the 4th equation as shown below is optimal one for the model of the biomass on the phytoplankton from this waters.
The optimal equation refers to text.
1984, (3): 424-432.
Abstract:
For the identification of Milleporidae in this paper four designs are given as follows:
(1) According to the morphological characters of the studied materials, the computer can present a rapid way to help in identifying specimens and to answer the tpecies name at well at its synonyms.
(2) The user can take the second design, if asking for synonyms, numbers and a check of the synonyms are shown on the Video Display of the micromputer.
(3) If you want to know the morphological characters of a certain specics, you can take the third design, that is, input a valid species name and its morphological characters will be output automatically.
(4) When asking for a valid or an invalid species of Millepora, you caa sclect the fourth design, i.e.input its Latin name and the computer will answer "it is a valid species" or "it is an invalid species and the synonym of a certain valid species".
For the identification of Milleporidae in this paper four designs are given as follows:
(1) According to the morphological characters of the studied materials, the computer can present a rapid way to help in identifying specimens and to answer the tpecies name at well at its synonyms.
(2) The user can take the second design, if asking for synonyms, numbers and a check of the synonyms are shown on the Video Display of the micromputer.
(3) If you want to know the morphological characters of a certain specics, you can take the third design, that is, input a valid species name and its morphological characters will be output automatically.
(4) When asking for a valid or an invalid species of Millepora, you caa sclect the fourth design, i.e.input its Latin name and the computer will answer "it is a valid species" or "it is an invalid species and the synonym of a certain valid species".
1984, (3): 433-436.
Abstract:
The pathway by which 60Co and 137Cs got into Area, and the type of uptake in animal were studied.The results showed that 60Co was taken up by gill and was transferred quickly to other organs through blood.There are more uptake pathways for 137Cs.The uptake of 60Co by Arca was mainly active transfer and the energy comes mainly from the process of biotic oxidation.On the contrary, the uptake of 137Cs by Arca was mainly a passive transfer, and for most organs the exchange through body-wall was a significant factor.
The pathway by which 60Co and 137Cs got into Area, and the type of uptake in animal were studied.The results showed that 60Co was taken up by gill and was transferred quickly to other organs through blood.There are more uptake pathways for 137Cs.The uptake of 60Co by Arca was mainly active transfer and the energy comes mainly from the process of biotic oxidation.On the contrary, the uptake of 137Cs by Arca was mainly a passive transfer, and for most organs the exchange through body-wall was a significant factor.
1984, (3): 437-440.
Abstract:
In the last few years, scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been widely used to observeand study community structure and succession of the microfouling organisms on various solid surfaces immersed in the sea[1-3], polysaccharide components of bacterial slime layer[4-6], two-tier microfouling layer structure[6, 7], metal corrosion products in the attached process and character-istics of attached microorganisms on the coating surfaces[8, 9].The SEM observations indicated that substrate components exposed to natural seawater are one of the important factors affecting microbial adhesion[7, 10].The present paper examined the influences of several metal materials, from which ship is usually made on microbial adhesion during the exposure to seawater by the SEM and discussed the material selecting problems from the anti-microfouling point of view.
In the last few years, scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been widely used to observeand study community structure and succession of the microfouling organisms on various solid surfaces immersed in the sea[1-3], polysaccharide components of bacterial slime layer[4-6], two-tier microfouling layer structure[6, 7], metal corrosion products in the attached process and character-istics of attached microorganisms on the coating surfaces[8, 9].The SEM observations indicated that substrate components exposed to natural seawater are one of the important factors affecting microbial adhesion[7, 10].The present paper examined the influences of several metal materials, from which ship is usually made on microbial adhesion during the exposure to seawater by the SEM and discussed the material selecting problems from the anti-microfouling point of view.
1984, (3): 441-449.
Abstract:
During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depth of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest.After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level.During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m, the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure.But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum.This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure.There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation.The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation.The photic stimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily.When the photic stimulation was over the flow rhythm reappeared on the EEG.
During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depth of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest.After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level.During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m, the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure.But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum.This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure.There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation.The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation.The photic stimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily.When the photic stimulation was over the flow rhythm reappeared on the EEG.
1984, (3): 450-450.
Abstract:
1984, (3): 450-450.
Abstract:
