2000 Vol. 19, No. 1
Display Method:
2000, (1): 1-13.
Abstract:
The present study is concentrated on the empirical studies on the circulation in the Tampa Bay by analyzing velocity data at the Skyway Bridge Station in the Tampa Bay.Analyses focus on three factors responsible for the circulation: tides, winds and buoyancy gradients.The analysis of the current data obtained at the Skyway Bridge Station shows these three components of the circulation: the tidal currents are nearly uniform with depth; a vigorous and persistent buoyancy-driven mean flow is directed into the bay at this location with speed of about 6-8 cm/s; and synoptic scale wind fluctuations result in similarly large current fluctuations with winds blowing into the bay causing currents to flow out of the bay, and vice versa.
The present study is concentrated on the empirical studies on the circulation in the Tampa Bay by analyzing velocity data at the Skyway Bridge Station in the Tampa Bay.Analyses focus on three factors responsible for the circulation: tides, winds and buoyancy gradients.The analysis of the current data obtained at the Skyway Bridge Station shows these three components of the circulation: the tidal currents are nearly uniform with depth; a vigorous and persistent buoyancy-driven mean flow is directed into the bay at this location with speed of about 6-8 cm/s; and synoptic scale wind fluctuations result in similarly large current fluctuations with winds blowing into the bay causing currents to flow out of the bay, and vice versa.
2000, (1): 15-24.
Abstract:
Abstract-An obvious characteristic of the baroclinic large-scale motions in the equatorial ocean is that the meridional scale H of motion is far smaller than the tonal scale L.The scaling of motion carefully with this striking characteristic in this paper results in two conclusions, i.e.,the Coriolis terms associated with the horizontal component of the rotation vector cannot be neglected in the governing equations; and the use of the absence of heating is not suitable to the equatorial region.In this paper the equatorial β-plane nondimensional governing equations with the small parameters δ0 and δ1 have been obtained.
Abstract-An obvious characteristic of the baroclinic large-scale motions in the equatorial ocean is that the meridional scale H of motion is far smaller than the tonal scale L.The scaling of motion carefully with this striking characteristic in this paper results in two conclusions, i.e.,the Coriolis terms associated with the horizontal component of the rotation vector cannot be neglected in the governing equations; and the use of the absence of heating is not suitable to the equatorial region.In this paper the equatorial β-plane nondimensional governing equations with the small parameters δ0 and δ1 have been obtained.
2000, (1): 25-34.
Abstract:
An SST model which is good at predicting offshore-SST anomaly (O-SSTA) has been developed.It is composed of three parts: equations of dynamics, equations of model's physics and equations of affecting factors of O-SSTA.Initial field of SST is prepared for a case of O-SSTA on last decade of July 1994,in which there are a center of warm anomaly in the Huanghai Sea and a center of cold anomaly in the East China Sea to be developing simultaneously. Using the observed atmospheric forcing, the (decade) experiment forecast is made.Forecasting accuracy of warm (cold) anomaly is 32/44 (29/33), the ensemble accuracy reaches R=91% and AMD=0.67℃.The chief affecting factors of O-SSTA for this case are shown, for warm anomaly:(1) solar radiation (weight is 64%),(2) the convergence of warm water(9%),(3)shallow-water effects; and for cold anomaly:(1)pumping of typhoon (44%),(2) entrainment of storm (24%),(3) latent heat(19%),respectively.It is identified that the formation of warm (rnld) anomaly is a slower (faster) process.
An SST model which is good at predicting offshore-SST anomaly (O-SSTA) has been developed.It is composed of three parts: equations of dynamics, equations of model's physics and equations of affecting factors of O-SSTA.Initial field of SST is prepared for a case of O-SSTA on last decade of July 1994,in which there are a center of warm anomaly in the Huanghai Sea and a center of cold anomaly in the East China Sea to be developing simultaneously. Using the observed atmospheric forcing, the (decade) experiment forecast is made.Forecasting accuracy of warm (cold) anomaly is 32/44 (29/33), the ensemble accuracy reaches R=91% and AMD=0.67℃.The chief affecting factors of O-SSTA for this case are shown, for warm anomaly:(1) solar radiation (weight is 64%),(2) the convergence of warm water(9%),(3)shallow-water effects; and for cold anomaly:(1)pumping of typhoon (44%),(2) entrainment of storm (24%),(3) latent heat(19%),respectively.It is identified that the formation of warm (rnld) anomaly is a slower (faster) process.
2000, (1): 35-46.
Abstract:
The Shipboard Meteorological Satellite Receiving-processing System (SMSRPS) is specially developed for the navigation meteorological safeguard of the Antarctic exploration ship over the sea ice area of the South (kean.This system can suit to the climate environment of very high temperature-high moisture and very low temperature-supersaturation; it has a self-protection ability to against the hurricane-force wind over force 12 and the strong vibration during icebreaking, as well as strong magnetic disturbance.It has two sets of receiving-imagery processing systems for polar orbit low-resolution and quasi-stationary high-solution satellites.
The Shipboard Meteorological Satellite Receiving-processing System (SMSRPS) is specially developed for the navigation meteorological safeguard of the Antarctic exploration ship over the sea ice area of the South (kean.This system can suit to the climate environment of very high temperature-high moisture and very low temperature-supersaturation; it has a self-protection ability to against the hurricane-force wind over force 12 and the strong vibration during icebreaking, as well as strong magnetic disturbance.It has two sets of receiving-imagery processing systems for polar orbit low-resolution and quasi-stationary high-solution satellites.
2000, (1): 47-57.
Abstract:
Sediment convergence and resuspension are the two major mechanisms in forming turbidity maximum (TM) in the Changfang Estuary.Sediment convergence is mainly controlled by the interaction between runoff and tidal current, the mixing of freshwater and salt water, the former forming tidal TM, whereas the latter forming brackish TM.The TM in the Changjiang Estuary is characterized by a combination of tidal TM and brackish TM, which varies temporally and spatially.
Sediment convergence and resuspension are the two major mechanisms in forming turbidity maximum (TM) in the Changfang Estuary.Sediment convergence is mainly controlled by the interaction between runoff and tidal current, the mixing of freshwater and salt water, the former forming tidal TM, whereas the latter forming brackish TM.The TM in the Changjiang Estuary is characterized by a combination of tidal TM and brackish TM, which varies temporally and spatially.
2000, (1): 59-67.
Abstract:
By exposure to 12×10-3 mol/dm3 K+ for 24 h, more than 90% of planktonic larvae of Babylonia formosae and B.areolata were effectively induced to metamorphose completely.15×10-3mol/dm3 K+ exerted toxic effect on larval B.areolata over a 24 h period, but produced better results of induction by 12 h exposure.Metamorphosed juveniles induced by increased by K+ could move and feed normally.Percent metamorphosis increased with average shell height for K+-induced larvae.L-DOPA, epinephrine and norepinephrine ranging from 5.5×10-6 to 5.5×10-5 mol/dm3 had no inductive activity to metamorphosis in larval B.areolata,whereas the rate of metamorphosis induced by dopamine at a concentration of 10-4 mol/dm3 was approximately half less than that by 12×10-3 mol/dm3 K+.TEA (a K+-channel blocker) did not inhibit metamorphosis in the two Babylonia larvae by induction of K+.Based on the results of K+-induced experiments, it is preliminarily suggested that shell height of larvae achieving metamorphic competence was in the range of 860.2-1 009.8 pm for B.frmosae,and 849.6-956.0 pm for B.areolata.In addition, planktonic larvae of the two Babylonia had delayed metamorphosis.
By exposure to 12×10-3 mol/dm3 K+ for 24 h, more than 90% of planktonic larvae of Babylonia formosae and B.areolata were effectively induced to metamorphose completely.15×10-3mol/dm3 K+ exerted toxic effect on larval B.areolata over a 24 h period, but produced better results of induction by 12 h exposure.Metamorphosed juveniles induced by increased by K+ could move and feed normally.Percent metamorphosis increased with average shell height for K+-induced larvae.L-DOPA, epinephrine and norepinephrine ranging from 5.5×10-6 to 5.5×10-5 mol/dm3 had no inductive activity to metamorphosis in larval B.areolata,whereas the rate of metamorphosis induced by dopamine at a concentration of 10-4 mol/dm3 was approximately half less than that by 12×10-3 mol/dm3 K+.TEA (a K+-channel blocker) did not inhibit metamorphosis in the two Babylonia larvae by induction of K+.Based on the results of K+-induced experiments, it is preliminarily suggested that shell height of larvae achieving metamorphic competence was in the range of 860.2-1 009.8 pm for B.frmosae,and 849.6-956.0 pm for B.areolata.In addition, planktonic larvae of the two Babylonia had delayed metamorphosis.
2000, (1): 69-77.
Abstract:
Photosynthetic rates (PR)of four species of marine single-celled algae were determined by means of 14C-tracer method under the experimental modelling conditions.The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and nutrients, on the biochemical compositions of the algae were studied.The results indicate that the suitable light intensities for the growth of Phaeodactyum tricornutum, Dunaliella spp.,Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are in the range from 5.8×103 to 15×103lx, showing an increasing trend of photosynthetic rates with the heightened light intensities.The irradiance response of Dunaliella spp.and Isochrysis galbana is significant.The contents of carbohydrate increase, but those of protein decrease, and the contents of lipids change very little.The optimum temperatures for the growth of the four species of algae are 14,26,21 and 26℃ respectively, characterized by the maxima of PR and the contents of carbohydrate, protein and lipid as well as their variations.The apparent activation energies in the photosynthesis process of Phaeodactylum tricornutum,Dunaliella Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are 23.2, 38.5,22.4 and 61.7 kJ/mol respectively,, and the temperature coefficients for the four algae are 1.74,1.74,1.38 and 1.69 respectively.The peaks of PR appeared in some culture media(N/P=16) of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum,and in other media (N/P=28) of Dunaliella spp.and Isochrysis galbana contents and their variations of carbohydrate, protein and lipid of the four species of algae are all maximum when N/P is equal to 16 in culture media.
Photosynthetic rates (PR)of four species of marine single-celled algae were determined by means of 14C-tracer method under the experimental modelling conditions.The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and nutrients, on the biochemical compositions of the algae were studied.The results indicate that the suitable light intensities for the growth of Phaeodactyum tricornutum, Dunaliella spp.,Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are in the range from 5.8×103 to 15×103lx, showing an increasing trend of photosynthetic rates with the heightened light intensities.The irradiance response of Dunaliella spp.and Isochrysis galbana is significant.The contents of carbohydrate increase, but those of protein decrease, and the contents of lipids change very little.The optimum temperatures for the growth of the four species of algae are 14,26,21 and 26℃ respectively, characterized by the maxima of PR and the contents of carbohydrate, protein and lipid as well as their variations.The apparent activation energies in the photosynthesis process of Phaeodactylum tricornutum,Dunaliella Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are 23.2, 38.5,22.4 and 61.7 kJ/mol respectively,, and the temperature coefficients for the four algae are 1.74,1.74,1.38 and 1.69 respectively.The peaks of PR appeared in some culture media(N/P=16) of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum,and in other media (N/P=28) of Dunaliella spp.and Isochrysis galbana contents and their variations of carbohydrate, protein and lipid of the four species of algae are all maximum when N/P is equal to 16 in culture media.
2000, (1): 79-89.
Abstract:
During the Huanghai Sea Circulation and Material Flux Expedition in Spring 1996,fCO2 in surfacewater and atmosphere was measured.The fCO2 in surface water varied in a range from 220 to 360μatm1) while atmospheric concentration was nearly constant at 360 μatm, showing that the Huanghai Sea surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 during the time of investigation.A model was developed in this study in order to estimate the CO2 flux at the air-sea interface.The model incorporates the time-series variations of the distributions in SST (sea surface temperature),salinity, mixed-layer depth, atmospheric fCO2,gas-transfer velocity, and CZCS chlorophyll concentration in the Huanghai Sea and was calibrated with the observed fez data.The primary parameter affecting fez in surface water is the variation of SST through time.The annual fluxes of CO2 are estimated as 0.033 Gt C from the sea into the atmosphere and 0.044 Gt C from the air into sea.The Huanghai Sea, thus behaves as a CO2 sink absorbing 0.011 Gt C of CO2 a year, which.corresponds to about 0.5% of global oceanic absorption capacity.
During the Huanghai Sea Circulation and Material Flux Expedition in Spring 1996,fCO2 in surfacewater and atmosphere was measured.The fCO2 in surface water varied in a range from 220 to 360μatm1) while atmospheric concentration was nearly constant at 360 μatm, showing that the Huanghai Sea surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 during the time of investigation.A model was developed in this study in order to estimate the CO2 flux at the air-sea interface.The model incorporates the time-series variations of the distributions in SST (sea surface temperature),salinity, mixed-layer depth, atmospheric fCO2,gas-transfer velocity, and CZCS chlorophyll concentration in the Huanghai Sea and was calibrated with the observed fez data.The primary parameter affecting fez in surface water is the variation of SST through time.The annual fluxes of CO2 are estimated as 0.033 Gt C from the sea into the atmosphere and 0.044 Gt C from the air into sea.The Huanghai Sea, thus behaves as a CO2 sink absorbing 0.011 Gt C of CO2 a year, which.corresponds to about 0.5% of global oceanic absorption capacity.
2000, (1): 91-98.
Abstract:
The preliminary study on nanodiatom in the Taiwan Strait was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in February 1995.Thirty-three species of nanodiatom(<20 μm) were identified, among which, 6 were new recorders in China. The dominant species were Minzdzscus comicus Takano and Thalasszoszra tenera Proschkinae-Lavrenko in the northern Taiwan Strait (NTS),Minidzscus trioculatus(F.J.R.)Hasle and Nazricula climacospheniae Booth in the southern Taiwan Strait (STS).Abundance of nanodiatom was much more than that of microdiatom(> 20 μm),and the abundance of nanodiatom in NTS is higher than that in STS.The highest abundance of nanodiatom was at the depth of 10 m of N330 in NTS, while at the depth of 20 m of S50 as in STS.The vertical distribution of nano- and micro-diatom of NCl showed that the peak was at the depth of 30 m.
The preliminary study on nanodiatom in the Taiwan Strait was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in February 1995.Thirty-three species of nanodiatom(<20 μm) were identified, among which, 6 were new recorders in China. The dominant species were Minzdzscus comicus Takano and Thalasszoszra tenera Proschkinae-Lavrenko in the northern Taiwan Strait (NTS),Minidzscus trioculatus(F.J.R.)Hasle and Nazricula climacospheniae Booth in the southern Taiwan Strait (STS).Abundance of nanodiatom was much more than that of microdiatom(> 20 μm),and the abundance of nanodiatom in NTS is higher than that in STS.The highest abundance of nanodiatom was at the depth of 10 m of N330 in NTS, while at the depth of 20 m of S50 as in STS.The vertical distribution of nano- and micro-diatom of NCl showed that the peak was at the depth of 30 m.
2000, (1): 99-108.
Abstract:
The organic carbon budget in shrimp polyculture ecosystems was studied with five experimental enclosures.The results showed that: (1)the total organic carbon income of the ecosystems varied from 4 847.46 to 6 154.67 g, averaged (5 646.94±551.09) g, the average ratio among its components, i.e.,(phytoplankton production):(periphyte production):(feed tasted) was 0.73:0.11:0.16; (2) the total output of organic carbon varied from 3 310.28 to 3 974.79 g, averaged (3 644.21±1 281.44) g, the average ratio among its components, i.e.,(plankton community respiration):(periphyton respiration):(benthic community):(culture animal production):(culture animal respiration) was 0.53:0.19:0.15:0.04:0.09; (3) the organic carbon accumulation varied from 1 383.45 to 2 707.31g, averaged (2 002.73±1 546.76) g, which was 26%-44% of the total organic carbon income; the sequence of organic carbon accumulation in the ecosystems of different polyculture types was Y5 (Penaeus chinensis-Argopecten irradians) > Y7 (P.chinettsis-Taiwan red tilapia) > Y4 (P.chinensis) > T5 (P.chinettsis-Taiwan red tilapia-Sinonovacula constricts) > Y6 (P.chinettsis-S.constricts);(4) the average conversion rate of organic carbon income to P.chinettsis was (1.77±0.62)%(Y6 > T5 > Y4 > Y5 > Y7),and that to total culture animals was (2.18±0.79)% > (T5 > Y6 > Y5 > Y4 > Y7).
The organic carbon budget in shrimp polyculture ecosystems was studied with five experimental enclosures.The results showed that: (1)the total organic carbon income of the ecosystems varied from 4 847.46 to 6 154.67 g, averaged (5 646.94±551.09) g, the average ratio among its components, i.e.,(phytoplankton production):(periphyte production):(feed tasted) was 0.73:0.11:0.16; (2) the total output of organic carbon varied from 3 310.28 to 3 974.79 g, averaged (3 644.21±1 281.44) g, the average ratio among its components, i.e.,(plankton community respiration):(periphyton respiration):(benthic community):(culture animal production):(culture animal respiration) was 0.53:0.19:0.15:0.04:0.09; (3) the organic carbon accumulation varied from 1 383.45 to 2 707.31g, averaged (2 002.73±1 546.76) g, which was 26%-44% of the total organic carbon income; the sequence of organic carbon accumulation in the ecosystems of different polyculture types was Y5 (Penaeus chinensis-Argopecten irradians) > Y7 (P.chinettsis-Taiwan red tilapia) > Y4 (P.chinensis) > T5 (P.chinettsis-Taiwan red tilapia-Sinonovacula constricts) > Y6 (P.chinettsis-S.constricts);(4) the average conversion rate of organic carbon income to P.chinettsis was (1.77±0.62)%(Y6 > T5 > Y4 > Y5 > Y7),and that to total culture animals was (2.18±0.79)% > (T5 > Y6 > Y5 > Y4 > Y7).
2000, (1): 109-118.
Abstract:
The standing stock of phytoplankton (phy.)and primary productivity (pp) in the Xiangshan Bay were observed in 1992.The results showed higher biological parameters in the bay.The average chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration was (3.50±5.93) mg/m3 and the primary productivity (444.5±871.0) mg/(m2·d).The distribution of chl a and productivity showed distinct spatial and temporal patterns in the bay.The continent influence was obvious at the top of the bay, lower seawater exchange and higher stability led to higher standing stock of phytoplankton and productivity.At the bay mouth, seawater and lower standing stock of phytoplankton and primary productivity. The seasonal characters of those parameters were pronounced, in the sequence of spring, summer, autumn and winter.The resups of size-fractionated showed that the average contribution of the nano-and picoplankton(<20μm) to total chl a and productivity were 75% and 87%,respectively, indicating their importance in phyto-plankton community biomass and productivity of the Xiangshan Bay.
The standing stock of phytoplankton (phy.)and primary productivity (pp) in the Xiangshan Bay were observed in 1992.The results showed higher biological parameters in the bay.The average chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration was (3.50±5.93) mg/m3 and the primary productivity (444.5±871.0) mg/(m2·d).The distribution of chl a and productivity showed distinct spatial and temporal patterns in the bay.The continent influence was obvious at the top of the bay, lower seawater exchange and higher stability led to higher standing stock of phytoplankton and productivity.At the bay mouth, seawater and lower standing stock of phytoplankton and primary productivity. The seasonal characters of those parameters were pronounced, in the sequence of spring, summer, autumn and winter.The resups of size-fractionated showed that the average contribution of the nano-and picoplankton(<20μm) to total chl a and productivity were 75% and 87%,respectively, indicating their importance in phyto-plankton community biomass and productivity of the Xiangshan Bay.
2000, (1): 119-126.
Abstract:
Genetic diversity of 32 individuals of P.chinensis in the Chinese coastal waters of the Huanghai and Bohai Seas was detected by RAPD technique.Twenty decamer primers of OPI were used for DNA amplification for each individual.The results showed that: Seventeen primers obtained reproducible fingerprints, and the bands were clear. Thirty-nine of 106 loci detected were polymorphic, amounting to 36.8%.Mean genetic distance was 0.094 1±0.020 6;68 markers (63.2% of the total) showed stable homogeneity in all of the 32 individuals.
Genetic diversity of 32 individuals of P.chinensis in the Chinese coastal waters of the Huanghai and Bohai Seas was detected by RAPD technique.Twenty decamer primers of OPI were used for DNA amplification for each individual.The results showed that: Seventeen primers obtained reproducible fingerprints, and the bands were clear. Thirty-nine of 106 loci detected were polymorphic, amounting to 36.8%.Mean genetic distance was 0.094 1±0.020 6;68 markers (63.2% of the total) showed stable homogeneity in all of the 32 individuals.
2000, (1): 127-135.
Abstract:
Based on the samples collected mesoplankton net from the south part of Taiwan Strait (22.25°-24.65°N, 117.50°-120.00°E) in August 1997,292 species of zooplankton and 11 groups of meroplankton were identified.In the survey waters, Copepods was dominant in either species or individual numbers.The diversity (H')was 5.11 and the ratio of diversity to evenness (J) was 7.10,showing that the diversity of zooplankton was exceedingly high in the survey waters.Three zooplankton communities were clearly divided by systematical cluster analysis, indicating that the biotopes of these zooplankton communities may serve as the evidence for the basic status of distribution of water masses during the investigation.
Based on the samples collected mesoplankton net from the south part of Taiwan Strait (22.25°-24.65°N, 117.50°-120.00°E) in August 1997,292 species of zooplankton and 11 groups of meroplankton were identified.In the survey waters, Copepods was dominant in either species or individual numbers.The diversity (H')was 5.11 and the ratio of diversity to evenness (J) was 7.10,showing that the diversity of zooplankton was exceedingly high in the survey waters.Three zooplankton communities were clearly divided by systematical cluster analysis, indicating that the biotopes of these zooplankton communities may serve as the evidence for the basic status of distribution of water masses during the investigation.
2000, (1): 137-144.
Abstract:
Metallothionein(MT) is a low molecular weight (MW)and heatstable metal-binding prorein.It has been proved that the synthesis of MT in marine animals can be induced by various heavy metals at genetic level.Consequently, high level of MT can be used as sign of heavy metal pollution.
In this article, red scorponifish MT was purified by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography.The results of amino acids composition analysis showed that the protein contains 35%cysteine (Cys),but no aromatic residues.MW was ahout 6.7 kD, and pI is 4.0 and 4.2,respectively.The antibody was raised in white rabbits by injection by MT conjugated with BSA, and then purified on Protein A beads and labeled with horseradish peroxidase.Quantification of MT by ELISA indicated that the concentration of MT from induced and noninduced fish liver extraction were 450 and 20 μg/cm3,respectively.
Metallothionein(MT) is a low molecular weight (MW)and heatstable metal-binding prorein.It has been proved that the synthesis of MT in marine animals can be induced by various heavy metals at genetic level.Consequently, high level of MT can be used as sign of heavy metal pollution.
In this article, red scorponifish MT was purified by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography.The results of amino acids composition analysis showed that the protein contains 35%cysteine (Cys),but no aromatic residues.MW was ahout 6.7 kD, and pI is 4.0 and 4.2,respectively.The antibody was raised in white rabbits by injection by MT conjugated with BSA, and then purified on Protein A beads and labeled with horseradish peroxidase.Quantification of MT by ELISA indicated that the concentration of MT from induced and noninduced fish liver extraction were 450 and 20 μg/cm3,respectively.
2000, (1): 145-154.
Abstract:
A calculation scheme, which combines a horizontal upwind finite element method with vertical implicit differences, is used to establish a three-dimensional mathematical model of tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current.Compared with those of the relative theoretical formula, the results are satisfactory.The model mentioned above has been applied to the water area of the Lianzhou Say, Guangxi Province.On the basis of the analysis and comparison with the field data, it shows clearly that the model calculation results are reasonable.
A calculation scheme, which combines a horizontal upwind finite element method with vertical implicit differences, is used to establish a three-dimensional mathematical model of tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current.Compared with those of the relative theoretical formula, the results are satisfactory.The model mentioned above has been applied to the water area of the Lianzhou Say, Guangxi Province.On the basis of the analysis and comparison with the field data, it shows clearly that the model calculation results are reasonable.
