1995 Vol. 14, No. 4
Display Method:
1995, (4): 461-474.
Abstract:
The seasonal thermal structure in the Bohai Sea are examined with a three-dimensional boroclinic primitive equation model for shelf sea.The evolution of the seasonal thermal stratification is well simulated.The stratification appears early in April, first in the area off Qinhuangdao and it is well developed in the middle of May.It intensifies with synoptic and neap-spring fluctuations throughout the summer and reaches its maximum in the middle of July.Eventually, it is destroyed at the end of September.There are cold water belts between well-mixed and stratified regions.They are loGated on the mixed side of tidal fronts, and coincide with the isolines for a temperature difference of 1-2℃ between surface and bottom.The sea surface temperature (SST) distribution shows local maxima at the head of three bays and to the south of Qinhuangdao during the summer.The Bohai Sea responds to the variability in the atmospheric forcing and in tides with the synoptic and neap-spring variations of SST, as well as in the stratification and in variable positions of tidal fronts.
The seasonal thermal structure in the Bohai Sea are examined with a three-dimensional boroclinic primitive equation model for shelf sea.The evolution of the seasonal thermal stratification is well simulated.The stratification appears early in April, first in the area off Qinhuangdao and it is well developed in the middle of May.It intensifies with synoptic and neap-spring fluctuations throughout the summer and reaches its maximum in the middle of July.Eventually, it is destroyed at the end of September.There are cold water belts between well-mixed and stratified regions.They are loGated on the mixed side of tidal fronts, and coincide with the isolines for a temperature difference of 1-2℃ between surface and bottom.The sea surface temperature (SST) distribution shows local maxima at the head of three bays and to the south of Qinhuangdao during the summer.The Bohai Sea responds to the variability in the atmospheric forcing and in tides with the synoptic and neap-spring variations of SST, as well as in the stratification and in variable positions of tidal fronts.
1995, (4): 476-484.
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1995, (4): 485-498.
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In this paper, the tropical Pacific layer model of characteristic modes was developed, which improves and perfects the first vertical baroclinic mode model currently used in ENSO dynamic studies.The dynamic mechanisms and structures of tropical Pacific thermoclinic depth disturbances were further detected.These studies demonstrate that, in addition to the momentum exchange between oceanic mixed layer (surface layer) and thermoclinic layer (subsurface layer) which is an important dynamic mechanism triggering the thermoclinic depth disturbances, the vertical sea water mass exchange between oceanic layers plays an important dynamic role in triggering thermoclinic depth disturbances.Both kinds of physical processes excit different kind of dynamic modes and exhibit different structures, respectively.The disturbances induced by both kinds of dynamic modes intensify each other.The dynamic mechanism and dynamic processes of El Nino developing are also discussed in the paper.
In this paper, the tropical Pacific layer model of characteristic modes was developed, which improves and perfects the first vertical baroclinic mode model currently used in ENSO dynamic studies.The dynamic mechanisms and structures of tropical Pacific thermoclinic depth disturbances were further detected.These studies demonstrate that, in addition to the momentum exchange between oceanic mixed layer (surface layer) and thermoclinic layer (subsurface layer) which is an important dynamic mechanism triggering the thermoclinic depth disturbances, the vertical sea water mass exchange between oceanic layers plays an important dynamic role in triggering thermoclinic depth disturbances.Both kinds of physical processes excit different kind of dynamic modes and exhibit different structures, respectively.The disturbances induced by both kinds of dynamic modes intensify each other.The dynamic mechanism and dynamic processes of El Nino developing are also discussed in the paper.
1995, (4): 499-508.
Abstract:
The atmospheric boundary layer over sea surface is simplified as mixed convection of turbulent boundary layer flow over a horizontal plate, and the momentum exchange between wind and waves is also included in the model.Effeels of wind speed, air-sea temperature difference gnd fetch on the momentum exchange between air and sea are revealed.The turbulence model used in calculating boundary layer is an extended versmn of the Van Driest mixing length model, and a combined theoretical and semi-empirical approach is employed in estimating the effect of ocean waves.For fetch-limited cases, i.e.wind blows off sea shore for a limited distance, fetch plays a fundamental role in the air-sea momentum exchange under different air-sea temperature conditions, which is not discussed in previous studies.
The atmospheric boundary layer over sea surface is simplified as mixed convection of turbulent boundary layer flow over a horizontal plate, and the momentum exchange between wind and waves is also included in the model.Effeels of wind speed, air-sea temperature difference gnd fetch on the momentum exchange between air and sea are revealed.The turbulence model used in calculating boundary layer is an extended versmn of the Van Driest mixing length model, and a combined theoretical and semi-empirical approach is employed in estimating the effect of ocean waves.For fetch-limited cases, i.e.wind blows off sea shore for a limited distance, fetch plays a fundamental role in the air-sea momentum exchange under different air-sea temperature conditions, which is not discussed in previous studies.
1995, (4): 509-524.
Abstract:
Eleven stations were occupied in the Tōkyō-wan during a study on the distribution of methane in this autrophic coastal environment in August of 1993.The principal features of the observed methane included the following 6 points: (1) Excess methane in the surface layer from 1.5 times to greater than 25 times solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere. (2) The methane concentration in the upper water displayed a maximum wne around Station 5 and the second highest in bottom water at Stations 1 and 2, probably because there was the front resulting from the chemical processes. (3) Cotrelations between methane and other parameters exhibited correspondences and the methane distribution being mainly controlled by physical processes. (4) In some' stations, vertical profiles revealed associations between methane and Chl a and the relationships between methane with Chl a or nitrite have shown good linear cortelations.It is postulated that some methane is formed in situ. (5) The calculated flux of methane acrbss the air-sea interface was about 71 μmol/(m2·d). (6) Some methane might be produced along with the organic matter decomposition in bottom water.Others might be due to the methane fluxes into the bottom water from the anoxic sediment inside the bay, which are believed to be the main methane source.
Eleven stations were occupied in the Tōkyō-wan during a study on the distribution of methane in this autrophic coastal environment in August of 1993.The principal features of the observed methane included the following 6 points: (1) Excess methane in the surface layer from 1.5 times to greater than 25 times solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere. (2) The methane concentration in the upper water displayed a maximum wne around Station 5 and the second highest in bottom water at Stations 1 and 2, probably because there was the front resulting from the chemical processes. (3) Cotrelations between methane and other parameters exhibited correspondences and the methane distribution being mainly controlled by physical processes. (4) In some' stations, vertical profiles revealed associations between methane and Chl a and the relationships between methane with Chl a or nitrite have shown good linear cortelations.It is postulated that some methane is formed in situ. (5) The calculated flux of methane acrbss the air-sea interface was about 71 μmol/(m2·d). (6) Some methane might be produced along with the organic matter decomposition in bottom water.Others might be due to the methane fluxes into the bottom water from the anoxic sediment inside the bay, which are believed to be the main methane source.
1995, (4): 525-535.
Abstract:
The distributional trends and their controlling factors of dominant species and nannofossil abundance in surface sediments of marginal and coastal seas in low to middle latitudes and high latitudes are discussed on the basis of the analysis of 146 samples from the nothern and central parts of the South China Sea and of comparison between the results of current work and data from other seas.
Despite significant variations in taxonomic composition between seas or between areas within one sea, there are some general trends in nannofossil distribution of marginal and coastal seas.All those nannofossil assemblages in middle and low latitudes are dominated by two species:Gephyrncapsa oceanica and Emilurnur huxleyi.Although the relative abundance of these species may vary greatly from area to area.Gephynxapsa creznica in general prevails in nearshore or semiclosed environments, increasing in number towards the shoreline, while Emiliania hurleyi increases in relative abundance towards continental slope and open ocean environments, decreasing in abundance again only in very deep-water, i.e., near the CCD.Similarly, the abundance of calcareous nannofossils, as a whole, is lower nearshore, increasing with water depth towards the continental slope, and then decreasing again towards and near the CCD.In high latitudes, the dominant species are Emilianui huzleyi and Cacmlithus pelagicus.
There are two groups of factors controlling the nanno (ossil distribuoon in surface sediments:ecological factors, including particularly water temperature, supply of nutrients; and sedimentological factors, including influx of terrigenous materials and deep-rwater carbonate dissolution.
The distributional trends and their controlling factors of dominant species and nannofossil abundance in surface sediments of marginal and coastal seas in low to middle latitudes and high latitudes are discussed on the basis of the analysis of 146 samples from the nothern and central parts of the South China Sea and of comparison between the results of current work and data from other seas.
Despite significant variations in taxonomic composition between seas or between areas within one sea, there are some general trends in nannofossil distribution of marginal and coastal seas.All those nannofossil assemblages in middle and low latitudes are dominated by two species:Gephyrncapsa oceanica and Emilurnur huxleyi.Although the relative abundance of these species may vary greatly from area to area.Gephynxapsa creznica in general prevails in nearshore or semiclosed environments, increasing in number towards the shoreline, while Emiliania hurleyi increases in relative abundance towards continental slope and open ocean environments, decreasing in abundance again only in very deep-water, i.e., near the CCD.Similarly, the abundance of calcareous nannofossils, as a whole, is lower nearshore, increasing with water depth towards the continental slope, and then decreasing again towards and near the CCD.In high latitudes, the dominant species are Emilianui huzleyi and Cacmlithus pelagicus.
There are two groups of factors controlling the nanno (ossil distribuoon in surface sediments:ecological factors, including particularly water temperature, supply of nutrients; and sedimentological factors, including influx of terrigenous materials and deep-rwater carbonate dissolution.
1995, (4): 537-552.
Abstract:
In studying sand beach erosion and protection tactics in Liaoning Province, the authors calculated the wave data of 27 a period (1963-1991) at Bayuquan Observation Station in Liaodong Gulf.Together with the beach levellings and some simple marking stakes monitoring end by having the aid of local annals, the paper analysed the present situations of the coastline and the causes of sand coastal recession and serious consequences, and then discussed the dynamic process of alongshore sand transport.Simultaneously, based on alongshore sand transport model, oneline cut-and-fill theory and dynamical water model (sea level rise), the authors preliminary estimated beach process for the future in the area.
Recently, the coastline is being eroded and 2/3 of the sand coast is subjected to erosion, which the recession rate of the individual sector exceed 7.0 m/a.Coastal erosion has threatened villages, roads, factories and tourist resources.Sea level rises and the decreasing amount of materials by rivers discharged into the sea and the activities of man, made coastline recession rate accelerate, and cause a great loss of land in the area.
In studying sand beach erosion and protection tactics in Liaoning Province, the authors calculated the wave data of 27 a period (1963-1991) at Bayuquan Observation Station in Liaodong Gulf.Together with the beach levellings and some simple marking stakes monitoring end by having the aid of local annals, the paper analysed the present situations of the coastline and the causes of sand coastal recession and serious consequences, and then discussed the dynamic process of alongshore sand transport.Simultaneously, based on alongshore sand transport model, oneline cut-and-fill theory and dynamical water model (sea level rise), the authors preliminary estimated beach process for the future in the area.
Recently, the coastline is being eroded and 2/3 of the sand coast is subjected to erosion, which the recession rate of the individual sector exceed 7.0 m/a.Coastal erosion has threatened villages, roads, factories and tourist resources.Sea level rises and the decreasing amount of materials by rivers discharged into the sea and the activities of man, made coastline recession rate accelerate, and cause a great loss of land in the area.
1995, (4): 553-561.
Abstract:
In this paper the distributional characteristics of species composition, ecological nature and specific number of planktonic Amphipoda (Hyperiidea) in the South Huanghai Sea and East China See are analyzed and their relation with the environmental factors is also discussed.It is shown from the results that 71 species of planktonic Amphipoda (Hyperiidea) have been recorded, and the horizontal distribution of species number presents higher in the south and east, lower in the south and west but the highest is in the southeast part of the study area.The higher abundance zone occurred in the northern margin of the study area end in the southeastern waters off the Changjiang Estuary respectively with evident difference in the two zones in composition of species number and ecological nature.The uniyue species parathemisto gandichaudi or Hyppriades silnbaginis was the dominant species distributed in the north and in the south of the Changjieng Estuary respectively.The distribution of plenktonic Amphipoda was rnntrolled by the movement of many distinct water systems within the study area and their reciprocal displacement, The distribution of Amphipoda (Hyperiidee) of different ecological characters showed evidence of the dynamics of the various avatar systems.
In this paper the distributional characteristics of species composition, ecological nature and specific number of planktonic Amphipoda (Hyperiidea) in the South Huanghai Sea and East China See are analyzed and their relation with the environmental factors is also discussed.It is shown from the results that 71 species of planktonic Amphipoda (Hyperiidea) have been recorded, and the horizontal distribution of species number presents higher in the south and east, lower in the south and west but the highest is in the southeast part of the study area.The higher abundance zone occurred in the northern margin of the study area end in the southeastern waters off the Changjiang Estuary respectively with evident difference in the two zones in composition of species number and ecological nature.The uniyue species parathemisto gandichaudi or Hyppriades silnbaginis was the dominant species distributed in the north and in the south of the Changjieng Estuary respectively.The distribution of plenktonic Amphipoda was rnntrolled by the movement of many distinct water systems within the study area and their reciprocal displacement, The distribution of Amphipoda (Hyperiidee) of different ecological characters showed evidence of the dynamics of the various avatar systems.
1995, (4): 563-568.
Abstract:
A marine enclosed ecosystem experiment was conducted by Chinese and Canadian scientists in Xiamen in April 1985.PoVutants of heavy metals mixed with Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and Cd and of suspended sediments were added to bags volumed about 10 m3.It was showed that during 21 days the effects on the plankton populations were evident in the bags due to the contamination, i.e.the growth of diatom population reduced to different levels characterized by the lag appearance of density peaks, low instant growth rate end delay of doulbling time with low biomass.A strong grazing from the pollutant affected zooplankton population resulted in heavy stress on the growth of algal population. As a result, the stress transferred to the phytoplankton population through the herbivores.
A marine enclosed ecosystem experiment was conducted by Chinese and Canadian scientists in Xiamen in April 1985.PoVutants of heavy metals mixed with Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and Cd and of suspended sediments were added to bags volumed about 10 m3.It was showed that during 21 days the effects on the plankton populations were evident in the bags due to the contamination, i.e.the growth of diatom population reduced to different levels characterized by the lag appearance of density peaks, low instant growth rate end delay of doulbling time with low biomass.A strong grazing from the pollutant affected zooplankton population resulted in heavy stress on the growth of algal population. As a result, the stress transferred to the phytoplankton population through the herbivores.
1995, (4): 569-578.
Abstract:
This paper reports in a systematic manner the results from the study on the biology of Cultellus xalprum, such es the morphological structure, distribution, habitat bottom soil, feeding habits, features of growth and reproduction and the age structure in the population of the animal in Funing Bey, which provides basic information for the mariculture of this species of commercial shellfish.Cultellfish scalprum.is a subtropical species es it lives in waters of 10.3-28.0℃ and reproduces in waters of 15.6-28.0℃.The major factors that affect the growth of this species include water temperature, phytoplanktons and its reproduction activities.
This paper reports in a systematic manner the results from the study on the biology of Cultellus xalprum, such es the morphological structure, distribution, habitat bottom soil, feeding habits, features of growth and reproduction and the age structure in the population of the animal in Funing Bey, which provides basic information for the mariculture of this species of commercial shellfish.Cultellfish scalprum.is a subtropical species es it lives in waters of 10.3-28.0℃ and reproduces in waters of 15.6-28.0℃.The major factors that affect the growth of this species include water temperature, phytoplanktons and its reproduction activities.
1995, (4): 579-585.
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1995, (4): 587-593.
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1995, (4): 595-600.
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1995, (4): 601-608.
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