1988 Vol. 7, No. 1
Display Method:
1988, (1): 1-16.
Abstract:
In this part ot the paper theoretical wind-wave spectra nave been derived by (1) expressing the spectrum in series composed of exponential terms; (2) assuming that the spectrum satisfies a high order linear ordinary differential equation; (3) introducing proper parameters in the spectrum; and (4) making use of some known charateristics of wind-wave spectrum, for instance, the law governing the equilibrium range. The spectrum obtained contains the zero order moment of the spectrum ω0, the peak frequency ω0 and the ratio R=ω/ω0 (ω being the mean zero-crossing frequency) as parameters. The shape of the nondimensional spectrum Š(ω)=ω0S(ω)/ω0(ω=ω/ω0) changes with R and theoretically reduces to a Dirac delta function δ(ω-1) when R=1. A spectrum of simplified form is given for practical uses, in which R is replaced by a peakness factor P=Š(1).
In this part ot the paper theoretical wind-wave spectra nave been derived by (1) expressing the spectrum in series composed of exponential terms; (2) assuming that the spectrum satisfies a high order linear ordinary differential equation; (3) introducing proper parameters in the spectrum; and (4) making use of some known charateristics of wind-wave spectrum, for instance, the law governing the equilibrium range. The spectrum obtained contains the zero order moment of the spectrum ω0, the peak frequency ω0 and the ratio R=ω/ω0 (ω being the mean zero-crossing frequency) as parameters. The shape of the nondimensional spectrum Š(ω)=ω0S(ω)/ω0(ω=ω/ω0) changes with R and theoretically reduces to a Dirac delta function δ(ω-1) when R=1. A spectrum of simplified form is given for practical uses, in which R is replaced by a peakness factor P=Š(1).
1988, (1): 17-26.
Abstract:
In this paper a refraction-diffraction model with friction is used to compute wave characteristics in a region near a certain port. Comparing with the results from refraction model, and with the data observed during a typhoon in 1985, it is found that the characteristics from the refraction-diffraction model with friction are reasonable, and that the results are in rather good agreement with observations. Thus it can be concluded that the model is effective for computing coastal wave characteristics over complicated bottom topography.
In this paper a refraction-diffraction model with friction is used to compute wave characteristics in a region near a certain port. Comparing with the results from refraction model, and with the data observed during a typhoon in 1985, it is found that the characteristics from the refraction-diffraction model with friction are reasonable, and that the results are in rather good agreement with observations. Thus it can be concluded that the model is effective for computing coastal wave characteristics over complicated bottom topography.
1988, (1): 27-42.
Abstract:
In this paper, an improvement and revision of the theory of Müller (1974, 1976), has been made under two conditions:(1) the horizontal component of the Coriolis force has been taken into account in the equations of motion for the internal wave field; and (2) the role of internal waves with frequencies close to the inertial frequency has been considered. The values of the viscosity coefficients and the diffusivity coefficients obtained in this paper are:vh=8×104 cm2s-1,vc=-1.8×104 cm2s-1, vv=4.3×103 cm2s-1, dc=1.2×106 cm2s-1, d'c=-2.5×104 cm2s-1.The appearance of the cross-diffusion (vc) of momentum is a natural result from the effect of the horizontal Coriolis force. Therefore the role of the horizontal shear of the mean flow cannot be absolutely separated from that of the vertical shear. So far in testing Müller's theory, the approximation of effective wave stress obtained by Ruddick and Joyce (1979) was extensively used, but it has to be revised under the conditions of this paper. The revised approximation shows that the internal waves with low frequencies close to the inertial frequency play an important role in the effective wave stress.
In this paper, an improvement and revision of the theory of Müller (1974, 1976), has been made under two conditions:(1) the horizontal component of the Coriolis force has been taken into account in the equations of motion for the internal wave field; and (2) the role of internal waves with frequencies close to the inertial frequency has been considered. The values of the viscosity coefficients and the diffusivity coefficients obtained in this paper are:vh=8×104 cm2s-1,vc=-1.8×104 cm2s-1, vv=4.3×103 cm2s-1, dc=1.2×106 cm2s-1, d'c=-2.5×104 cm2s-1.The appearance of the cross-diffusion (vc) of momentum is a natural result from the effect of the horizontal Coriolis force. Therefore the role of the horizontal shear of the mean flow cannot be absolutely separated from that of the vertical shear. So far in testing Müller's theory, the approximation of effective wave stress obtained by Ruddick and Joyce (1979) was extensively used, but it has to be revised under the conditions of this paper. The revised approximation shows that the internal waves with low frequencies close to the inertial frequency play an important role in the effective wave stress.
1988, (1): 43-56.
Abstract:
There were 8 typhoons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in August of 1985. Their movement characteristics were mainly northward or recurvature northward. At the same time, a complex movement of 3 typhoons clustering was observed. In this paper, the typhoon movement tendency is studied by using satellite cloud maps. The westward and northward tendencies can be distinguished clearly. Based on this rule, typhoon movement can be forecasted 12-48 h before. Some characteristics models of the typhoon moving northward or recurving northward on the satellite cloud maps are also given in this paper.
There were 8 typhoons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in August of 1985. Their movement characteristics were mainly northward or recurvature northward. At the same time, a complex movement of 3 typhoons clustering was observed. In this paper, the typhoon movement tendency is studied by using satellite cloud maps. The westward and northward tendencies can be distinguished clearly. Based on this rule, typhoon movement can be forecasted 12-48 h before. Some characteristics models of the typhoon moving northward or recurving northward on the satellite cloud maps are also given in this paper.
1988, (1): 57-67.
Abstract:
The vertical distribution and seasonal variation of air temperature, humidity, static stability and Richardson number over Xisha Island are investigated based on 7-year records by means of time-altitude cross section, and harmonic and regression analyses. Mean data on height above sea level, air temperature, specific humidity, relative humidity and air density at standard-pressure surfaces are given respectively in terms of the annual average and the typhoon seasonal average of the South China Sea respectively.
The vertical distribution and seasonal variation of air temperature, humidity, static stability and Richardson number over Xisha Island are investigated based on 7-year records by means of time-altitude cross section, and harmonic and regression analyses. Mean data on height above sea level, air temperature, specific humidity, relative humidity and air density at standard-pressure surfaces are given respectively in terms of the annual average and the typhoon seasonal average of the South China Sea respectively.
1988, (1): 68-73.
Abstract:
In the system HCl-Sb (Ⅲ)-ammonium molybdatc-acetone-butanone, PO43-, Sb (Ⅲ) and Mo (VI) form ternary heteropoly acid. This ternary heteropoly acid anion is adsorbed on the dropping mercury electrode and reduced quickly into heteropoly blue. The process of electrochemical reaction will produce a sensitive polarographic wave with peak potential -0.42V (vs S.C.E.). The detection limit is 6×10-8 mol/l. Variable coefficients are 10% and 3% for 0.1 μmol/l and 1 μmol/l respectively.
This method is sensitive, accurate and extremely rapid for analysis of seawater.
In the system HCl-Sb (Ⅲ)-ammonium molybdatc-acetone-butanone, PO43-, Sb (Ⅲ) and Mo (VI) form ternary heteropoly acid. This ternary heteropoly acid anion is adsorbed on the dropping mercury electrode and reduced quickly into heteropoly blue. The process of electrochemical reaction will produce a sensitive polarographic wave with peak potential -0.42V (vs S.C.E.). The detection limit is 6×10-8 mol/l. Variable coefficients are 10% and 3% for 0.1 μmol/l and 1 μmol/l respectively.
This method is sensitive, accurate and extremely rapid for analysis of seawater.
1988, (1): 74-81.
Abstract:
Through introducing amidoxime and carboxyl groups into polyacrylonitrile fiber, a fibrous adsorbent with high capacity and fast adsorption rate was obtained, which could adsorb 4.6 mg uranium/g in 10 days from natural seawater. The influence of the functional group content on equilibrium adsorption capacity Xm and adsorption rate constant K of the adsorbent was studied, thus indicating that the contents of amidoxime and carboxyl groups correlated with Xm and K respectively. It is concluded that the amidoxime group is of reactive adsorption, while the carboxyl group is of promotion in the adsorption of uranium. In this paper, the mechanism of uranium adsorption on the fibrous adsorbent is deduced and the chelating structure of adsorption species is discussed with molecule orbit theory.
Through introducing amidoxime and carboxyl groups into polyacrylonitrile fiber, a fibrous adsorbent with high capacity and fast adsorption rate was obtained, which could adsorb 4.6 mg uranium/g in 10 days from natural seawater. The influence of the functional group content on equilibrium adsorption capacity Xm and adsorption rate constant K of the adsorbent was studied, thus indicating that the contents of amidoxime and carboxyl groups correlated with Xm and K respectively. It is concluded that the amidoxime group is of reactive adsorption, while the carboxyl group is of promotion in the adsorption of uranium. In this paper, the mechanism of uranium adsorption on the fibrous adsorbent is deduced and the chelating structure of adsorption species is discussed with molecule orbit theory.
1988, (1): 82-93.
Abstract:
By the electroanalysis method combining the complexation titrating technique with the investigation of ip~Ea* characteristic curves, this paper measures apparent complexing capacities of trace heavy-metals in water samples from the Huanghe River Estuary. The results show that the order of apparent complexing capacities of trace heavy-metals in the samples is
Cu > Cd > Pb,
and that apparent complexing capacities of near shore sample are higher than those far from shore. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the dissociation of organic ligands and the adsorption effect of cell walls (cells being treated with acid and seawater respectively) are investigated. The reduction (on electrodes) mechanism of species of trace heavy-metals in seawater is approached by ip~Ea* characteristic curves.
By the electroanalysis method combining the complexation titrating technique with the investigation of ip~Ea* characteristic curves, this paper measures apparent complexing capacities of trace heavy-metals in water samples from the Huanghe River Estuary. The results show that the order of apparent complexing capacities of trace heavy-metals in the samples is
Cu > Cd > Pb,
and that apparent complexing capacities of near shore sample are higher than those far from shore. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the dissociation of organic ligands and the adsorption effect of cell walls (cells being treated with acid and seawater respectively) are investigated. The reduction (on electrodes) mechanism of species of trace heavy-metals in seawater is approached by ip~Ea* characteristic curves.
1988, (1): 94-103.
Abstract:
According to the results of analysis of the marine ostracoda biofacies from over 160 drilled holes on the west coast of the Bohai Sea, i.e. Hebei and Shandong Provinces, Tianjin, and the east part of Beijing, the present paper is a discussion of their palaeoecological and stratigraphigical significance. The investigation of ostracoda thanatocoenoces in the modern coastal zone suggests that the distribution of marine ostracoda has been controlled by the salinity and depth of water. The study of Quaternary marine ostracoda should be concentrated mainly on the determination of their biofacies and palaeogeographigical conditions, so as to provide evidence for the determination of transgression range, palaeoshoreline and sca-level changes.
According to the results of analysis of the marine ostracoda biofacies from over 160 drilled holes on the west coast of the Bohai Sea, i.e. Hebei and Shandong Provinces, Tianjin, and the east part of Beijing, the present paper is a discussion of their palaeoecological and stratigraphigical significance. The investigation of ostracoda thanatocoenoces in the modern coastal zone suggests that the distribution of marine ostracoda has been controlled by the salinity and depth of water. The study of Quaternary marine ostracoda should be concentrated mainly on the determination of their biofacies and palaeogeographigical conditions, so as to provide evidence for the determination of transgression range, palaeoshoreline and sca-level changes.
1988, (1): 104-114.
Abstract:
The data of about 1700 drill holes are correlated, of which 47 drill sections are discussed comprehensively for chronology and sedimentology, and the characteristics and changes of sporo-pollen are analysed. The authors consider that the Holocene strata along the coast of eastern Guangdong can be divided into five formations. The Holocene began 12 000 years ago; the fluvial facies gravel, the striped weathered clay and the "old red sand" serves as the boundary between the Holocene and the Pleistocene.
The data of about 1700 drill holes are correlated, of which 47 drill sections are discussed comprehensively for chronology and sedimentology, and the characteristics and changes of sporo-pollen are analysed. The authors consider that the Holocene strata along the coast of eastern Guangdong can be divided into five formations. The Holocene began 12 000 years ago; the fluvial facies gravel, the striped weathered clay and the "old red sand" serves as the boundary between the Holocene and the Pleistocene.
1988, (1): 115-118.
Abstract:
In this paper, a new species of deep-water Siphonophora, Lensia multicristoides sp. nov., collected from the middle South China Sea is described and compared with some similar species in the genus.
In this paper, a new species of deep-water Siphonophora, Lensia multicristoides sp. nov., collected from the middle South China Sea is described and compared with some similar species in the genus.
1988, (1): 119-125.
Abstract:
The detritus from the decomposition of dead plant materials of Spartina with great biomass provides abundant food for the heterotrophs in estuarine and nearshore coastal waters. It is for this reason that the decomposition rates of S. anglica and S. alterniflora near the estuary of obsolete Huanghe River were studied. The changes in nutritive components during decomposition are also studied.
Results showed that the decomposition rate of dead leaves of S. anglica on ultra-low marsh was about 90% for the first year. In the eighth month, it was 80% and 76% respectively for S. anglica and S. alterniflora on low marsh. Protein content of the two species of Spartina increased in the course of decomposition, with a maximum increment of 100% or more. The energy value also increased, whereas cellulose content decreased markedly. The percentage content of ash and lipid varied significantly with zonal differences.
The detritus from the decomposition of dead plant materials of Spartina with great biomass provides abundant food for the heterotrophs in estuarine and nearshore coastal waters. It is for this reason that the decomposition rates of S. anglica and S. alterniflora near the estuary of obsolete Huanghe River were studied. The changes in nutritive components during decomposition are also studied.
Results showed that the decomposition rate of dead leaves of S. anglica on ultra-low marsh was about 90% for the first year. In the eighth month, it was 80% and 76% respectively for S. anglica and S. alterniflora on low marsh. Protein content of the two species of Spartina increased in the course of decomposition, with a maximum increment of 100% or more. The energy value also increased, whereas cellulose content decreased markedly. The percentage content of ash and lipid varied significantly with zonal differences.
1988, (1): 126-136.
Abstract:
Investigations of Chi. a and primary production were carried out in the coastal upwelling area (27°30'-30°30'N, west to 124°00'E) off Zhejiang in August and October 1981. The high-value areas of Chl. a were in nearshore waters and on top of the upwelling front, where Chl. a occurred the maximum 7.40 mg/m3. With the average of 1.25 g C/m2·d, the primary production was more than 2.0gC/m2·d incenteral area of the upwelling, and the whole surveyed area's output was about 4.4×104 tons C/d.
Investigations of Chi. a and primary production were carried out in the coastal upwelling area (27°30'-30°30'N, west to 124°00'E) off Zhejiang in August and October 1981. The high-value areas of Chl. a were in nearshore waters and on top of the upwelling front, where Chl. a occurred the maximum 7.40 mg/m3. With the average of 1.25 g C/m2·d, the primary production was more than 2.0gC/m2·d incenteral area of the upwelling, and the whole surveyed area's output was about 4.4×104 tons C/d.
1988, (1): 137-147.
Abstract:
By using the field measured data for the surface waves and the uplift pressures acted on the vertical breakwater at the observation station, the single spectra for the surface waves and the uplift pressures at various test points as well as the cross spectra, the functions of frequency response and coherence were calculated and thereby, they revealed the statistical characteristics of the uplift pressure acted on vertical breakwater and the relationship in which how the above-mentioned characteristics were related to the frequency, the phase and the magnitude among the surface waves in front of breakwater.
Moreover, the observation equipment for the uplift pressure and distribution of location for test points were introduced also in this paper.
By using the field measured data for the surface waves and the uplift pressures acted on the vertical breakwater at the observation station, the single spectra for the surface waves and the uplift pressures at various test points as well as the cross spectra, the functions of frequency response and coherence were calculated and thereby, they revealed the statistical characteristics of the uplift pressure acted on vertical breakwater and the relationship in which how the above-mentioned characteristics were related to the frequency, the phase and the magnitude among the surface waves in front of breakwater.
Moreover, the observation equipment for the uplift pressure and distribution of location for test points were introduced also in this paper.
1988, (1): 148-157.
Abstract:
Recently many authors have attepmted to model circulations in East China Sea by numerical means, for example, Xi et al1),2). (henceforth Ref.[1] is referred to as A and[2] as B respectively), Yuan et al. and Chio. We had raised questions in regard to the correctness of the governing equations used in A, as well as their choice of boundary conditions. Comparing numerical solution of A with that of B which employed a correct form of governing equations (but with an incorrect value for the bottom friction coefficient), B asserted that the governing equations used in A were correct. It is, therefore, appropriate to have a discussion on the formulation of proper equations.
Recently many authors have attepmted to model circulations in East China Sea by numerical means, for example, Xi et al1),2). (henceforth Ref.[1] is referred to as A and[2] as B respectively), Yuan et al. and Chio. We had raised questions in regard to the correctness of the governing equations used in A, as well as their choice of boundary conditions. Comparing numerical solution of A with that of B which employed a correct form of governing equations (but with an incorrect value for the bottom friction coefficient), B asserted that the governing equations used in A were correct. It is, therefore, appropriate to have a discussion on the formulation of proper equations.
