1986 Vol. 5, No. 3
Display Method:
1986, (3): 317-329.
Abstract:
Chiefly based on the observations of surface wind, currents, temperature and salinity from the two cruises of the R/Vs Xiangyanghong 09 and Shijian during the FGGE, this paper discusses the relationships between the surface currents and the wind field in the investigated area (5°N-5°S, 160°-175°E) and analyzes the characteristics of the horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity and their relationships with currents.
Chiefly based on the observations of surface wind, currents, temperature and salinity from the two cruises of the R/Vs Xiangyanghong 09 and Shijian during the FGGE, this paper discusses the relationships between the surface currents and the wind field in the investigated area (5°N-5°S, 160°-175°E) and analyzes the characteristics of the horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity and their relationships with currents.
1986, (3): 331-339.
Abstract:
In this paper, the principle and steps for differentiating water masses by fuzzy cluster method are introduced, and a scalar formula based on Euclidean distance and a method for determining objectively the number of water masses by F-test are proposed.Consequently, a method and specific steps for differentiating modified water masses in shallow sea according to fuzzy elastic classification are given.Computation of the membership degree in which each sample belongs to every water mass determines conveniently and quantitatively the cores, boundaries of water masses and mixed zones.An example for the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea is shown and compared with previous results.
In this paper, the principle and steps for differentiating water masses by fuzzy cluster method are introduced, and a scalar formula based on Euclidean distance and a method for determining objectively the number of water masses by F-test are proposed.Consequently, a method and specific steps for differentiating modified water masses in shallow sea according to fuzzy elastic classification are given.Computation of the membership degree in which each sample belongs to every water mass determines conveniently and quantitatively the cores, boundaries of water masses and mixed zones.An example for the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea is shown and compared with previous results.
1986, (3): 341-354.
Abstract:
A water mass in the sea area under investigation is defined as a fuzzy subset in the discourse universe.Possible forms of membership function of water masses in the mixing modified process are discussed with the mixing theory for conservative concentration of sea water.It may provide bases for making membership functions.Results in this paper may be extended and applied to shallow water.Examples and discussion are given in this paper.
A water mass in the sea area under investigation is defined as a fuzzy subset in the discourse universe.Possible forms of membership function of water masses in the mixing modified process are discussed with the mixing theory for conservative concentration of sea water.It may provide bases for making membership functions.Results in this paper may be extended and applied to shallow water.Examples and discussion are given in this paper.
1986, (3): 355-361.
Abstract:
The propagation attenuation of sound wave in liquid with the surficial sediment of ocean is discussed.Considering suspended particles in the shape of nonspheroid.we have improved the theory on sound attenuation and compared the theoretical values with the measured ones.The results indicate that the theory modified is in stricter accordance with the actual situation.
The propagation attenuation of sound wave in liquid with the surficial sediment of ocean is discussed.Considering suspended particles in the shape of nonspheroid.we have improved the theory on sound attenuation and compared the theoretical values with the measured ones.The results indicate that the theory modified is in stricter accordance with the actual situation.
1986, (3): 363-374.
Abstract:
This paper, the second part of further analyses of the structure of the typhoon, mainly discusses the distributions of temperature and moisture fields of typhoon No.7507.The result has shown that the typhoon developed from the warm-core disturbance.The height of maximum warming is highest (300 to 250 hPa) during the mature stage.There is a dry layer capping the typhoon during the initial stage.Once the typhoon rapidly developed, the dry layer was destroyed.A deep saturation layer eventually occurred in the central region of the typhoon.Meanwhile, the dry air from the China main continuously intruded into the outer region in the western and northwestern parts of the typhoon.
The initial eyewall of the typhoon sloped outward with increasing height, and then became nearly vertical below 12 km level.This was closely associated with convective activity.The convective instability had been mostly released during the growing stage of the typhoon and stratification rapidly tended to moist neutralization.In addition.the water vapor flux in the south of the typhoon was clearly different from that in the north, with divergence in the north and convergence in the south in the lower troposphere.The strongest convergence occurred in the boundary layer, especially near the surface of the earth.
This paper, the second part of further analyses of the structure of the typhoon, mainly discusses the distributions of temperature and moisture fields of typhoon No.7507.The result has shown that the typhoon developed from the warm-core disturbance.The height of maximum warming is highest (300 to 250 hPa) during the mature stage.There is a dry layer capping the typhoon during the initial stage.Once the typhoon rapidly developed, the dry layer was destroyed.A deep saturation layer eventually occurred in the central region of the typhoon.Meanwhile, the dry air from the China main continuously intruded into the outer region in the western and northwestern parts of the typhoon.
The initial eyewall of the typhoon sloped outward with increasing height, and then became nearly vertical below 12 km level.This was closely associated with convective activity.The convective instability had been mostly released during the growing stage of the typhoon and stratification rapidly tended to moist neutralization.In addition.the water vapor flux in the south of the typhoon was clearly different from that in the north, with divergence in the north and convergence in the south in the lower troposphere.The strongest convergence occurred in the boundary layer, especially near the surface of the earth.
1986, (3): 375-383.
Abstract:
Having proved the stochastic model of air-sea interaction given by Mitchell (1956) to be a particular case of stochastic-dynamic model with linear air-sea feedback mechanism, this paper further develops the model.Several parameters in this model are evaluted with climatological data of the stations situated along the east coast of China, and some problems concerned are discussed.
Having proved the stochastic model of air-sea interaction given by Mitchell (1956) to be a particular case of stochastic-dynamic model with linear air-sea feedback mechanism, this paper further develops the model.Several parameters in this model are evaluted with climatological data of the stations situated along the east coast of China, and some problems concerned are discussed.
1986, (3): 385-392.
Abstract:
A simple one-dimensional mathematic model is presented to discuss the balance and behavior of elements in estuary system.The results are as follows:(1) Besides chemical and biological factors, the removal of non-conservative elements is closely concerned with physical processes.(2) When the behavior and balance of non-conservative elements are studied, the mean residence time of these elements is a useful parameter, which can be obtained by combining the information from field-observation with mathematical model.(3) Based on different situations in estuary, the sensitivity and accuracy of the analytical method used must be considered in the study of the removal of such elements.
A simple one-dimensional mathematic model is presented to discuss the balance and behavior of elements in estuary system.The results are as follows:(1) Besides chemical and biological factors, the removal of non-conservative elements is closely concerned with physical processes.(2) When the behavior and balance of non-conservative elements are studied, the mean residence time of these elements is a useful parameter, which can be obtained by combining the information from field-observation with mathematical model.(3) Based on different situations in estuary, the sensitivity and accuracy of the analytical method used must be considered in the study of the removal of such elements.
1986, (3): 393-399.
Abstract:
The paper deals with the distribution of suspended particulated materials (SPM) in the Changjiang Estuary, the relation of salinity to particulated organic carbon and particulated organic nitrogen, and behaviour of SPM in mixing river-sea water.At the same time, the article shows that the SPM in Changjiang River emptying into the sea contains a large amount of organic matter.The relative concentrations of suspended particulate organic matter and living organic matter gradually increase seaward.In the estuarine environment, there is a linear relationship between log SPM and C/N ratio during the mixing of fresh water with seawater.
The paper deals with the distribution of suspended particulated materials (SPM) in the Changjiang Estuary, the relation of salinity to particulated organic carbon and particulated organic nitrogen, and behaviour of SPM in mixing river-sea water.At the same time, the article shows that the SPM in Changjiang River emptying into the sea contains a large amount of organic matter.The relative concentrations of suspended particulate organic matter and living organic matter gradually increase seaward.In the estuarine environment, there is a linear relationship between log SPM and C/N ratio during the mixing of fresh water with seawater.
1986, (3): 401-415.
Abstract:
Changes in levels of heavy metals in seawater resulting from the addition of mine tailings were studied using plastic enclosures.Nominal concentrations of 10 mg l-1 and 100 mg l-1 of mine tailings from a B.C.molybdenum mine were added, and the metal levels were followed together with sedimentation rates, particle size distribution and other oceanographic and biological time-series parameters over sixteen days.No substantial elevation in levels of zinc, cadmium and copper was observed in the tailing bags compared to that in a background control bag with no addition of tailings.Lead showed a substantial increase in seawater following tailing addition and its removal apparently was with detritus settling following a plankton bloom, and inorganic settling of fine tailing particles.
Changes in levels of heavy metals in seawater resulting from the addition of mine tailings were studied using plastic enclosures.Nominal concentrations of 10 mg l-1 and 100 mg l-1 of mine tailings from a B.C.molybdenum mine were added, and the metal levels were followed together with sedimentation rates, particle size distribution and other oceanographic and biological time-series parameters over sixteen days.No substantial elevation in levels of zinc, cadmium and copper was observed in the tailing bags compared to that in a background control bag with no addition of tailings.Lead showed a substantial increase in seawater following tailing addition and its removal apparently was with detritus settling following a plankton bloom, and inorganic settling of fine tailing particles.
1986, (3): 417-423.
Abstract:
Mine tailings at levels of ca 30 and 300 ppm were added to two plankton communities contained in 60 ton Controlled Experimental Ecosystems (CEE); a third CEE was used as a control.The mine tailings caused (1) a delay in the primary productivity and chlorophyll a maxima; (2) a shift in the size spectrum of primary producers towards autotrophic flagellates compared with diatoms in the control; (3) a suppression of heterotrophic microflagellates; and (4) an increased production of zooplankton compared with the control.Zooplankton were observed to have consumed tailings but no changes were observed in the structure of the zooplankton community as a result of tailings additions.
Mine tailings at levels of ca 30 and 300 ppm were added to two plankton communities contained in 60 ton Controlled Experimental Ecosystems (CEE); a third CEE was used as a control.The mine tailings caused (1) a delay in the primary productivity and chlorophyll a maxima; (2) a shift in the size spectrum of primary producers towards autotrophic flagellates compared with diatoms in the control; (3) a suppression of heterotrophic microflagellates; and (4) an increased production of zooplankton compared with the control.Zooplankton were observed to have consumed tailings but no changes were observed in the structure of the zooplankton community as a result of tailings additions.
1986, (3): 425-436.
Abstract:
A computer analysis was performed on experimental results obtained when mine tailings were added to seawater.The Mixed Upper-Layer Ecotrophie Simulation (MULES) model was tested by changing the extinction coefficient and the abundance of heterotrophic zooflagellates.Increasing the extinction coefficient resulted in a delay of phytoplankton growth, an increase in zooplankton standing stock and better growth of autotrophic flagellates compared with diatoms.Zooflagellates in the ecosystem influence the growth of zooplankton; secondary production by zooplankton was markedly depressed at low levels of zooflagellates.These results are believed to be of general significance for the diagnosis of suspended sediment effects on planktonic ecosystems.
A computer analysis was performed on experimental results obtained when mine tailings were added to seawater.The Mixed Upper-Layer Ecotrophie Simulation (MULES) model was tested by changing the extinction coefficient and the abundance of heterotrophic zooflagellates.Increasing the extinction coefficient resulted in a delay of phytoplankton growth, an increase in zooplankton standing stock and better growth of autotrophic flagellates compared with diatoms.Zooflagellates in the ecosystem influence the growth of zooplankton; secondary production by zooplankton was markedly depressed at low levels of zooflagellates.These results are believed to be of general significance for the diagnosis of suspended sediment effects on planktonic ecosystems.
1986, (3): 416-416.
Abstract:
1986, (3): 424-424.
Abstract:
1986, (3): 456-456.
Abstract:
1986, (3): 437-446.
Abstract:
On the basis of the 14C dating data, lithological characters biological and chemical compositions and so on, the relict sediment of the East China Sea shelf is divided into two types of genesis-regression and transgression, with four sedimention periodes in this paper.
The upper relict sediment layer is the sandy sediment of the transgressive bottom layer in Postglacial period.Its sediment age becomes younger and younger from east to west.The direction of its age variation is in accord with the transgressive direction, showing that the sandy sediment is the product of transgression in Post-glacial period.The age of the lower relict sediment layer is over 15,000 a.BP.The main variation trend appears older in the west but younger in the east, agreeing with the regressive direction of glacial epoch at the end of Epipleistocene.
On the basis of the 14C dating data, lithological characters biological and chemical compositions and so on, the relict sediment of the East China Sea shelf is divided into two types of genesis-regression and transgression, with four sedimention periodes in this paper.
The upper relict sediment layer is the sandy sediment of the transgressive bottom layer in Postglacial period.Its sediment age becomes younger and younger from east to west.The direction of its age variation is in accord with the transgressive direction, showing that the sandy sediment is the product of transgression in Post-glacial period.The age of the lower relict sediment layer is over 15,000 a.BP.The main variation trend appears older in the west but younger in the east, agreeing with the regressive direction of glacial epoch at the end of Epipleistocene.
1986, (3): 447-455.
Abstract:
This is a paper dealing mainly with the accumulation and biological cycle of calcium and magnesium elements of the artificial 20-years old Kandelia candel community in the Jiulongjiang River Estuary of Fujian Province, China.The result of measurements is that the quantities of the two elements in the standing crop are (kg·ha-1) 772.91 for Ca and 526.57 for Mg.In the biological cycle of the two elements, the annual uptakes are 174.86 for Ca and 89.30 for Mg (kg·ha-1); the amounts of Ca and Mg returned via litter fall are estimated to be (kg·ha-1·a-1) 103.28 for Ca and 40.42 for Mg; the annual retention are (kg·ha-1·a-1) 71.58 for Ca and 48.88 for Mg, respectively.The turnover periods of Ca and Mg are 8 and 13 years, respectively.
This is a paper dealing mainly with the accumulation and biological cycle of calcium and magnesium elements of the artificial 20-years old Kandelia candel community in the Jiulongjiang River Estuary of Fujian Province, China.The result of measurements is that the quantities of the two elements in the standing crop are (kg·ha-1) 772.91 for Ca and 526.57 for Mg.In the biological cycle of the two elements, the annual uptakes are 174.86 for Ca and 89.30 for Mg (kg·ha-1); the amounts of Ca and Mg returned via litter fall are estimated to be (kg·ha-1·a-1) 103.28 for Ca and 40.42 for Mg; the annual retention are (kg·ha-1·a-1) 71.58 for Ca and 48.88 for Mg, respectively.The turnover periods of Ca and Mg are 8 and 13 years, respectively.
1986, (3): 457-461.
Abstract:
Five species of marine phytoplankton, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoccros minutissimus, Platymunas suhcordiforinis, Nitzschia sp.and Dunaliella sp.were analyzed for the contents of total nitrogen, free amino acid and total amino acid.Their total nitrogen content was relatively high, ranging 3.37-7.6% and the total amino acid content 15.1-36.0%, Glu, Asp, Leu, Ala, Arg, and Gly being the main components.The free amino acid content in two species, Dunalietta sp.and Nitzschia sp.ranged 0.13-0.30%, in which Arg, Ala, Glu, and Asp were predominant.The crude protein in phytoplankton is high enough to be comparable with that of higher classes of seaweed such as Porphyra and Laminaria.
Five species of marine phytoplankton, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoccros minutissimus, Platymunas suhcordiforinis, Nitzschia sp.and Dunaliella sp.were analyzed for the contents of total nitrogen, free amino acid and total amino acid.Their total nitrogen content was relatively high, ranging 3.37-7.6% and the total amino acid content 15.1-36.0%, Glu, Asp, Leu, Ala, Arg, and Gly being the main components.The free amino acid content in two species, Dunalietta sp.and Nitzschia sp.ranged 0.13-0.30%, in which Arg, Ala, Glu, and Asp were predominant.The crude protein in phytoplankton is high enough to be comparable with that of higher classes of seaweed such as Porphyra and Laminaria.
1986, (3): 465-473.
Abstract:
Based on the linear wave theory and model experiment results, the wave-current force coefficients for isolated pile are investigated, using Morison's formula to calculate the wave-current force.A formula is presented for determining the relative coefficients of the drag, in which the feature value of the wave-current field is proposed and used as an important parameter.According to the maximum wave-current force measured in the experiment, the coefficients of the drag force and inertia force are determined by statistical method of two-variable regression so that both of them are fitted in optimum.
Based on the linear wave theory and model experiment results, the wave-current force coefficients for isolated pile are investigated, using Morison's formula to calculate the wave-current force.A formula is presented for determining the relative coefficients of the drag, in which the feature value of the wave-current field is proposed and used as an important parameter.According to the maximum wave-current force measured in the experiment, the coefficients of the drag force and inertia force are determined by statistical method of two-variable regression so that both of them are fitted in optimum.
