Mechanisms for the link between onset and duration of open water in the Kara Sea

Chunming Dong; Hongtao Nie; Xiaofan Luo; Hao Wei; Wei Zhao

doi:10.1007/s13131-021-1767-5

Volume 40 Issue 11

Nov. 2021

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Chunming Dong, Hongtao Nie, Xiaofan Luo, Hao Wei, Wei Zhao. Mechanisms for the link between onset and duration of open water in the Kara Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2021, 40(11): 119-128. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1767-5

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Chunming Dong, Hongtao Nie, Xiaofan Luo, Hao Wei, Wei Zhao. Mechanisms for the link between onset and duration of open water in the Kara Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2021, 40(11): 119-128. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1767-5

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Mechanisms for the link between onset and duration of open water in the Kara Sea

doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1767-5

School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Funds: The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2016YFC1401401; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41630969, 41941013 and 41806225.

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Corresponding author: E-mail: htnie@tju.edu.cn
Received Date: 2020-10-27
Accepted Date: 2020-11-28

Available Online: 2021-04-22

Publish Date: 2021-11-30

Abstract

Abstract

The sea ice conditions in the Kara Sea have important impacts on Arctic shipping, oil and gas production, and marine environmental changes. In this study, sea ice coverage (C_R) less than 30% is considered as open water, its onset and end dates are defined as T_open and T_close, respectively. The sea ice melt onset (T_melt) is defined as the date when ice-sea freshwater flux initially changes from ice into the ocean. Satellite-based sea ice concentration (SIC) from 1989 to 2019 shows a negative correlation between T_open and T_close (r = –0.77, p < 0.01) in the Kara Sea. This phenomenon is also obtained through analyzing the hindcast simulation from 1994 to 2015 by a coupled ocean and sea-ice model (NAPA1/4). The model results reveal that thermodynamics dominate the sea ice variations, and ice basal melt is greater than the ice surface melt. Heat budget estimation suggests that the heat flux is significant correlated with T_open (r = –0.95, p < 0.01) during the melt period (the duration of multi-year averaged T_melt to T_open) influenced by the sea ice conditions. Additionally, this heat flux is also suggested to dominate the interannual variation of the heat input during the whole heat absorption process (r = 0.81, p < 0.01). The more heat input during this process leads to later T_close (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). This is the physical basis of the negative correlation between T_open and T_close. Therefore, the duration of open water can be predicted by T_open and thence support earlier planning of marine activities.
- sea ice,
- open water onset,
- duration of open water,
- heat budget,
- Kara Sea

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