Geometry and 3D seismic characterisation of post-rift normal faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea
-
Abstract: Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data acquired in the Pearl (Zhujiang) River Mouth Basin of the northern South China Sea, this study investigated the geometry, spatial extension, and throw distribution of the post-rift normal fault through detailed seismic interpretation and fault modeling. A total of 289 post-rift normal faults were identified in the study area and can be classified into four types: (1) isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform; (2) isolated normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform; (3) conjugate normal faults, and (4) connecting normal faults. Throw distribution analysis on the fault planes show that the vertical throw profiles of most normal fault exhibit flat-topped profiles. Isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform exhibit roughly concentric ellipses with maximum throw zones in the central section whereas the normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform miss the lowermost section due to the chaotic seismic reflections in the interior of the carbonate platform. The vertical throws of conjugate normal faults anomalously decrease toward their intersection region on the fault plane whereas the connecting normal faults present two maximum throw zones in the central section of the fault plane. According to the symmetric elliptical distribution model of fault throw, an estimation was made indicating that normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform extended downward between −1 308 s and −1 780 s (two-way travel time) in depth and may not penetrate the entire Liuhua carbonate platform. Moreover, it is observed that the distribution of karst caves on the top of the carbonate platform disaccord with those of hydrocarbon reservoirs and the post-rift normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform in the study area. We propose that these karst caves formed most probably by corrosive fluids derived from magmatic activities during the Dongsha event, rather than pore waters or hydrocarbons.
-
Key words:
- Post-rift normal faults /
- fault throw /
- Karst caves /
- Corrosive fluids /
- Pearl River Mouth Basin /
- South China Sea
-
Figure 1. Structural units in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (modified from Wu et al., 2014) (a); distribution of normal faults around the study area (modified from Li et al., 2004 and Hu, 2016) (b). The yellow area marks the location of the 3D seismic data used in this study. NFT: Northern Fault Terrace; Zhu ⅠD : Zhu Ⅰ Depression; Zhu Ⅱ D: Zhu Ⅱ Depression; Zhu Ⅲ D: Zhu Ⅲ Depression; SHASR: Shenhu-Ansha Rise; PYS: Panyu Swell; DSR: Dongsha Rise; CSD: Chaoshan Depression; SR: Southern Rise.
Figure 2. Cenozoic stratigraphic column with formations, main seismic reflections, and tectonic events of the Pearl River(Zhujiang) Mouth Basin (modified from Wu et al., 2014 and Gao et al., 2015).
Figure 3. Geometric aspects of a normal fault. a. Cross section of a normal fault. b. Corresponding T-z plots showing variations of the vertical throw from shallow to deep (modified from Hu et al., 2021). c and d. Ideal elliptical distribution model of a normal fault displaying distribution of vertical throws on the fault plane (modified from Fossen et al., 2016). Zi represents the top depth of a sedimentary layer located at the footwall of a normal fault. Ti represents the vertical throw at each sedimentary layer. The T-z plots show the relationship between Zi and Ti.
Figure 4. Coherent variance time-slice at 1199 ms (TWT) showing that distributions of normal faults and karst caves (a), 3D spatial distribution of post-rift normal faults and the contours of Reflector T40 (b), the rose map showing the predominant NWW−SEE and E−W orientation of the normal faults interpreted in b. c, and d. Interpreted seismic profile crosses the study area highlighting the normal faults, seismic stratigraphic units, and seismic characteristics of carbonate platform.
Figure 5. Seismic profiles exhibiting negative-flower-like structures (a) and “Y”-shaped structures (b).
Figure 6. 3D spatial distribution (a), continuous seismic profiles (b), and throw distribution (c, d) of fault 17. Fig. 6a illustrates relationship between the normal fault and top of carbonate platform. Fig. 6b shows the extended variation of fault 17 from shallow to deep on continuous seismic profiles. Fig. 6c presents the T-z plots every 10 cross-lines. Fig. 6d shows vertical throw contours based on the Fig. 6c. Throw contours are spaced every 3 ms (TWT). Greater displacement values (>9 ms TWT) are indicated as dark colours.
Figure 7. 3D spatial distribution (a), continuous seismic profiles (b), and throw distribution (c, d) of fault 19. Fig. 7a illustrates relationship between the normal fault and top of carbonate platform. Fig. 7b shows the extended variation of fault 19 from shallow to deep on continuous seismic profiles. Fig. 7c presents the T-z plots every 10 cross-lines. Fig. 7d shows vertical throw contours based on the Fig. 7c. Throw contours are spaced every 3 ms (TWT). Greater displacement values (>12 ms TWT) are indicated as dark colours.
Figure 8. 3D spatial distribution (a), throw distribution (b, c), and continuous seismic profiles (d) of fault 276. Fig. 8a illustrates fault 276 conjugates with another normal fault. Fig. 8b presents the T-z plots every 10 cross-lines. Fig. 8c shows vertical throw contours based on the Fig. 8b. Fig. 8d shows the extended variation of fault 276 from shallow to deep on continuous seismic profiles. Throw contours are spaced every 3 ms (TWT). Greater displacement values (>9 ms TWT) are indicated as dark colours.
Figure 9. 3D spatial distribution (a), continuous seismic profiles (b), and throw distribution (c, d) of fault 13. Fig. 9b shows the extended variation of fault 13 from shallow to deep on continuous seismic profiles. Fig. 9c presents the T-z plots every 10 cross-lines. Fig. 9d shows vertical throw contours based on the Fig. 9c, which two maximum throw zones in the central section on the fault plane. Throw contours are spaced every 3 ms (TWT). Greater displacement values (>9 ms TWT) are indicated as dark colours.
Figure 10. Measured and estimated fault throw contours of the normal faults 19 (a), 217 (b), 139 (c), and 89 (d) cutting through the carbonate platform. The dark areas mark the maximum throw zones. The yellow areas mark the estimated depth of normal faults.
Figure 12. Continuous seismic profiles illustrate the development of a karst cave with pipe and no normal faults developed.
Figure 13. Distribution (translucent grass green region) of oil and gas accumulation area in the study area (modified from Chai, 2014) (a). Green arrows indicate the migration direction of oil and gas. Extents of late Cenozoic and late Miocene magmatic activities in the Liuhua area (modified from Yan et al., 2006 and Zhao et al., 2021) (b).
Figure 14. Schematic formation processes of karst caves in the Zhujiang carbonate platform.
-
Aarnes I, Svensen H, Connolly J A D, et al. 2010. How contact metamorphism can trigger global climate changes: modeling gas generation around igneous sills in sedimentary basins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(24): 7179–7195, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.011 Allard P, Burton M, Muré F. 2005. Spectroscopic evidence for a lava fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas. Nature, 433(7024): 407–410, doi: 10.1038/nature03246 Aydin A. 2000. Fractures, faults, and hydrocarbon entrapment, migration and flow. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17(7): 797–814, doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00020-9 Barnett J A M, Mortimer J, Rippon J H, et al. 1987. Displacement geometry in the volume containing a single normal fault. AAPG Bulletin, 71(8): 925–937, doi: 10.1306/948878ED-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D Baudon C, Cartwright J A. 2008. 3D seismic characterisation of an array of blind normal faults in the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Structural Geology, 30(6): 746–760, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.12.008 Briais A, Patriat P, Tapponnier P. 1993. Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea: implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 98(B4): 6299–6328, doi: 10.1029/92JB02280 Cartwright J, Bouroullec R, James D, et al. 1998. Polycyclic motion history of some Gulf Coast growth faults from high-resolution displacement analysis. Geology, 26(9): 819–822, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0819:PMHOSG>2.3.CO;2 Cartwright J A, Trudgill B D, Mansfield C S. 1995. Fault growth by segment linkage: an explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah. Journal of Structural Geology, 17(9): 1319–1326, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(95)00033-A Chai Nina. 2014. Studies on geochemical characteristics in crude oil and oil -water interface of reef limestone reservoirs-Taking Liuhua l1-1 oilfield of Pearl River Mouth Basin as an example (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Jingzhou: Yangtze University Chen Duanxin, Wu Shiguo, Völker D, et al. 2015. Tectonically induced, deep-burial paleo-collapses in the Zhujiang Miocene carbonate platform in the northern South China Sea. Marine Geology, 364: 43–52, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2015.03.007 Cowie P A, Roberts G P. 2001. Constraining slip rates and spacings for active normal faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(12): 1901–1915, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00036-0 Davis K, Burbank D W, Fisher D, et al. 2005. Thrust-fault growth and segment linkage in the active Ostler fault zone, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology, 27(8): 1528–1546, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.04.011 Dai Xiangming, Li Zhigang, Sun Chuang, et al. 2022. 3D structural growth and lateral linkage of the normal fault system: a case study from Lufeng sag in the northern South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese), 96(6): 1922–1936 Deng Hongdan, Ren Jianye, Pang Xiong, et al. 2020. South China Sea documents the transition from wide continental rift to continental break up. Nature Communications, 11(1): 4583, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18448-y Dong Dongdong, Zhang Gongcheng, Zhong Kai, et al. 2009. Tectonic evolution and dynamics of deepwater area of Pearl River Mouth basin, northern South China Sea. Journal of Earth Science, 20(1): 147–159, doi: 10.1007/s12583-009-0016-1 Esteban M, Taberner C. 2003. Secondary porosity development during late burial in carbonate reservoirs as a result of mixing and/or cooling of brines. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78–79: 355–359, doi: 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00111-0 Faerseth R B, Johnsen E, Sperrevik S. 2007. Methodology for risking fault seal capacity: Implications of fault zone architecture. AAPG Bulletin, 91(9): 1231–1246, doi: 10.1306/03080706051 Fan Chaoyan, Xia Shaohong, Zhao Fang, et al. 2017. New insights into the magmatism in the northern margin of the South China Sea: Spatial features and volume of intraplate seamounts. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(6): 2216–2239, doi: 10.1002/2016GC006792 Gao Jinwei, Bangs N, Wu Shiguo, et al. 2019. Post‐seafloor spreading magmatism and associated magmatic hydrothermal systems in the Xisha uplift region, northwestern South China Sea. Basin Research, 31(4): 688–708, doi: 10.1111/bre.12338 Gao Jinwei, Wu Shiguo, McIntosh K, et al. 2015. The continent–ocean transition at the mid-northern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 654: 1–19, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.03.003 Giba M, Walsh J J, Nicol A. 2012. Segmentation and growth of an obliquely reactivated normal fault. Journal of Structural Geology, 39: 253–267, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.01.004 Hansen D M. 2006. The morphology of intrusion‐related vent structures and their implications for constraining the timing of intrusive events along the NE Atlantic margin. Journal of the Geological Society, 163(5): 789–800, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492004-167 Hu Run. 2016. The main controlling factors of reservoir forming of Zhujiang formation in Dongsha Uplift, Pear River Mouth Basin (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology Hu Shouxiang, Alves T M, Omosanya K O, et al. 2021. Geometric and kinematic analysis of normal faults bordering continental shelves: a 3D seismic case study from the northwest South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 133: 105263, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105263 Huang Ke, Zhong Guangfa, He Min, et al. 2018. Growth and linkage of a complex oblique-slip fault zone in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Journal of Structural Geology, 117: 27–43, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.09.002 Hull J. 1988. Thickness-displacement relationships for deformation zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 10(4): 431–435, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(88)90020-X Iyer K, Rüpke L, Galerne C Y. 2013. Modeling fluid flow in sedimentary basins with sill intrusions: implications for hydrothermal venting and climate change. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(12): 5244–5262, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005012 Jackson C A L, Bell R E, Rotevatn A, et al. 2017. Techniques to determine the kinematics of synsedimentary normal faults and implications for fault growth models. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439(1): 187–217, doi: 10.1144/SP439.22 Jiang Kaixi, He Wenxiang, Peng Li, et al. 2015. Initial exploration mechanism of dissolution of Zhujiang carbonates by acid fluids under the burial condition in the Liuhua Area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (in Chinese), 34(3): 592–600 Kim T W, Park H L, Lee J Y, et al. 1994. Interfacial layer formation of the CdTe/InSb heterointerfaces grown by temperature gradient vapor transport deposition. Applied Physics Letters, 65(20): 2597–2599, doi: 10.1063/1.112579 Kim Y S, Sanderson D J. 2005. The relationship between displacement and length of faults: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 68(3-4): 317–334, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.003 Knott S D, Beach A, Brockbank P J, et al. 1996. Spatial and mechanical controls on normal fault populations. Journal of Structural Geology, 18(2-3): 359–372, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80056-3 Larsen H C, Mohn G, Nirrengarten M, et al. 2018. Rapid transition from continental breakup to igneous oceanic crust in the South China Sea. Nature Geoscience, 11(10): 782–789, doi: 10.1038/s41561-018-0198-1 Lester R, Van Avendonk H J A, McIntosh K, et al. 2014. Rifting and magmatism in the northeastern South China Sea from wide‐angle tomography and seismic reflection imaging. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119(3): 2305–2323, doi: 10.1002/2013JB010639 Li Hongbo. 2010. The features of construct and structure and the discussion of relationship between evolution with hydrocarbon reservoiring in Huizhou depression and Dongsha Massif of Pearl River Mouth basin (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Li Tingdong, Gen Shufang, Yan Keming, et al. 2004. Asia and Europe Geological Map (1: 5 000 000) (in Chinese). Beijing: Geology Press Li Yuhan, Huang Haibo, Grevemeyer I, et al. 2021. Crustal structure beneath the Zhongsha Block and the adjacent abyssal basins, South China Sea: new insights into rifting and initiation of seafloor spreading. Gondwana Research, 99: 53–76, doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.015 Li Chunfeng, Li Jiabiao, Ding Weiwei, et al. 2015. Seismic stratigraphy of the central South China Sea basin and implications for neotectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(3): 1377–1399, doi: 10.1002/2014JB011686 Li Chunfeng, Song Taoran. 2012. Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceanic crustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea basin. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(24): 3165–3181, doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5063-9 Li Chunfeng, Xu Xing, Lin Jian, et al. 2014. Ages and magnetic structures of the South China Sea constrained by deep tow magnetic surveys and IODP Expedition 349. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(12): 4958–4983, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005567 Lüdmann T, Wong H K. 1999. Neotectonic regime on the passive continental margin of the northern South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 311(1–4): 113–138, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00155-9 Magee C, Jackson C A L, Hardman J P, et al. 2017. Decoding sill emplacement and forced fold growth in the Exmouth Sub-basin, offshore northwest Australia: implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Interpretation, 5(3): SK11–SK22, doi: 10.1190/INT-2016-0133.1 Muraoka H, Kamata H. 1983. Displacement distribution along minor fault traces. Journal of Structural Geology, 5(5): 483–495, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90054-8 Nicol A, Childs C, Walsh J J, et al. 2017. Interactions and growth of faults in an outcrop-scale system. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439(1): 23–39, doi: 10.1144/SP439.9 Nissen S S, Hayes D E, Bochu Y, et al. 1995a. Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension: northern margin of the South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B11): 22447–22483, doi: 10.1029/95jb01868 Nissen S S, Hayes D E, Buhl P, et al. 1995b. Deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin of the South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B11): 22407–22433, doi: 10.1029/95JB01866 Palumbo L, Benedetti L, Bourlès D, et al. 2004. Slip history of the Magnola fault (Apennines, Central Italy) from 36Cl surface exposure dating: evidence for strong earthquakes over the Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 225(1-2): 163–176, doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2004.06.012 Peacock D C P, Sanderson D J. 1991. Displacements, segment linkage and relay ramps in normal fault zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(6): 721–733, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(91)90033-F Radke B M, Mathis R L. 1980. On the formation and occurrence of saddle dolomite. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 50(4): 1149–1168, doi: 10.1306/212F7B9E-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D Rippon J H. 1984. Contoured patterns of the throw and hade of normal faults in the Coal Measures (Westphalian) of north-east Derbyshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 45(3): 147–161, doi: 10.1144/pygs.45.3.147 Roberts G P, Michetti A M. 2004. Spatial and temporal variations in growth rates along active normal fault systems: an example from The Lazio–Abruzzo Apennines, central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology, 26(2): 339–376, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00103-2 Rotevatn A, Jackson C A L, Tvedt A B M, et al. 2019. How do normal faults grow? Journal of Structural Geology, 125: 174–184, doi: 10.1016/J.JSG.2018.08.005 Sattler U, Zampetti V, Schlager W, et al. 2004. Late leaching under deep burial conditions: a case study from the Miocene Zhujiang Carbonate Reservoir, South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(8): 977–992, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.05.005 Shi Xiaobin, Burov E, Leroy S, et al. 2005. Intrusion and its implication for subsidence: a case from the Baiyun Sag, on the northern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 407(1–2): 117–134, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.07.004 Shipton Z K, Cowie P A. 2001. Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over μm to km scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(12): 1825–1844, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00035-9 Song Taoran, Li Chunfeng, Wu Shiguo, et al. 2019. Extensional styles of the conjugate rifted margins of the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 177: 117–128, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.03.008 Song Xianqiang, Wang Haixue, Fu Xiaofei, et al. 2022. Hydrocarbon retention and leakage in traps bounded by active faults: A case study from traps along the NDG fault in the Qinan area, Bohai Bay Basin, China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 208: 109344, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109344 Sun Qiliang, Cartwright J, Wu Shiguo, et al. 2013. 3D seismic interpretation of dissolution pipes in the South China Sea: genesis by subsurface, fluid induced collapse. Marine Geology, 337: 171–181, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.03.002 Sun Qiliang, Wang Qing, Shi Fengyan, et al. 2022. Runup of landslide-generated tsunamis controlled by paleogeography and sea-level change. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1): 244, doi: 10.1038/s43247-022-00572-w Sun Zhen, Zhong Zhihong, Keep M, et al. 2009. 3D analogue modeling of the South China Sea: a discussion on breakup pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34(4): 544–556, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.09.002 Taylor B, Hayes D E. 1983. Origin and history of the South China Sea basin. In: Hayes D E. The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands: Part 2. Washington: American Geophysical Union, 23–56, doi: 10.1029/GM027 Trudgill B, Cartwright J. 1994. Relay-ramp forms and normal-fault linkages, Canyonlands National Park, Utah. GSA Bulletin, 106(9): 1143–1157, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1143:RRFANF>2.3.CO;2 Villemant B, Boudon G. 1999. H2O and halogen (F, Cl, Br) behaviour during shallow magma degassing processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 168(3–4): 271–286., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00058-8 Walsh J J, Bailey W R, Childs C, et al. 2003. Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(8): 1251–1262, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00161-X Walsh J J, Watterson J. 1987. Distributions of cumulative displacement and seismic slip on a single normal fault surface. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(8): 1039–1046, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(87)90012-5 Walsh J J, Watterson J. 1988. Analysis of the relationship between displacements and dimensions of faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 10(3): 239–247, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(88)90057-0 Walsh J J, Watterson J. 1989. Displacement gradients on fault surfaces. Journal of Structural Geology, 11(3): 307–316, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(89)90070-9 Wang Xingxing, Kneller B, Sun Qiliang. 2023a. Sediment waves control origins of submarine canyons. Geology, 51(3): 310–314, doi: 10.1130/G50642.1 Wang Pengcheng, Li Sanzhong, Suo Yanhui, et al. 2021. Structural and kinematic analysis of Cenozoic rift basins in South China Sea: a synthesis. Earth-Science Reviews, 216: 103522, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103522 Wang Qiang, Zhao Minghui, Zhang Jiazheng, et al. 2023b. Breakup mechanism of the northern South China Sea: evidence from the deep crustal structure across the continent-ocean transition. Gondwana Research, 120: 47–69, doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2022.09.004 Watterson J. 1986. Fault dimensions, displacements and growth. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 124(1–2): 365–373, doi: 10.1007/BF00875732 Westrich H R, Gerlach T M. 1992. Magmatic gas source for the stratospheric SO2 cloud from the June 15, 1991, eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Geology, 20(10): 867–870, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0867:MGSFTS>2.3.CO;2 Wibberley C A J, Yielding G, Di Toro G. 2008. Recent advances in the understanding of fault zone internal structure: a review. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 299(1): 5–33, doi: 10.1144/SP299.2 Willemse E J M, Pollard D D, Aydin A. 1996. Three-dimensional analyses of slip distributions on normal fault arrays with consequences for fault scaling. Journal of Structural Geology, 18(2-3): 295–309, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80051-4 Wu Shiguo, Gao Jinwei, Zhao Shujuan, et al. 2014. Post-rift uplift and focused fluid flow in the passive margin of northern South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 615–616: 27–39, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.12.013 Yan Pin, Deng Hui, Liu Hailing, et al. 2006. The temporal and spatial distribution of volcanism in the South China Sea region. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(5): 647–659, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.005 Zampetti V, Sattler U, Braaksma H. 2005. Well log and seismic character of Liuhua 11-1 Field, South China Sea; relationship between diagenesis and seismic reflections. Sedimentary Geology, 175(1–4): 217–236, doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.12.018 Zhang Guoliang, Luo Qing, Zhao Jian, et al. 2018. Geochemical nature of sub-ridge mantle and opening dynamics of the South China Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 489: 145–155, doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2018.02.040 Zhao Fang, Berndt C, Alves T M, et al. 2021. Widespread hydrothermal vents and associated volcanism record prolonged Cenozoic magmatism in the South China Sea. GSA Bulletin, 133(11–12): 2645–2660, doi: 10.1130/B35897.1 Zhao Shujuan, Wu Shiguo, Shi Hesheng, et al. 2012. Structures and dynamic mechanism related to the Dongsha movement at the northern margin of South China Sea. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 27(3): 1008–1019, doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.03.022 -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 174
- HTML全文浏览量: 72
- PDF下载量: 22
- 被引次数: 0
