Distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter in different aquaculture areas of northeastern Zhanjiang Bay using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes
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Abstract: Zhanjiang Bay is a major aquaculture area in China with many types of mariculture products (such as oysters, fish, and shrimp). The culture area and shrimp output in Zhanjiang Bay are ranked first in China. We investigated the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), TOC/TN ratio, and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) of the fish and shrimp feed, fish and shrimp feces, and sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in and around different aquaculture areas of northeastern Zhanjiang Bay to study the impact of aquaculture activities on SOM. The average TOC contents of fish and shrimp feed were 39.20% ± 0.91% and 39.29% ± 0.21%, respectively. The average TOC content in the surface sediments of the oyster culture area, the mixed (fish and shrimp) culture area, and the cage fish farm area were 0.66%, 0.88% ± 0.10%, and 0.58% ± 0.19%, respectively, which may indicate that mixed culture had a greater impact on SOM. The relatively high TOC and TN contents and relatively low TOC/TN ratios, and δ15N values in the upper layer of the core sediment in the mixed culture area could also support the significant influence of mixed culture. The average δ13C and δ15N values of fish and shrimp feed were −20.6‰ ± 2.2‰ and 1.8‰ ± 1.2‰, respectively, which were different from the isotopic values of SOM in the study area. δ13C and δ15N values for SOM in different aquaculture areas were different from those of nearby reference stations, probably reflecting the influence of aquaculture. The δ13C and δ15N values in the oyster culture area (−25.9‰ and 6.0‰, respectively) seemed to have reduced δ13C and enriched δ15N relative to those of the reference station (−24.6‰ and 5.8‰, respectively). This may reflect the influence of organic matter on oyster culture. The δ15N value of the station in the mixed culture area (7.1‰ ± 0.4‰) seemed to be relatively enriched in δ15N relative to that of the reference station (6.6‰). Sedimentation and the subsequent degradation of organic matter from mixed cultures may have contributed to this phenomenon. The surface sediment at the cage fish farm area seemed to be affected by fish feces and primary production based on the indication of δ13C and δ15N values. The sediment core at the mixed culture region (NS6) had lower TOC/TN ratios and more positive δ13C and δ15N values than the sediment core at the oyster culture area, suggesting a higher proportionate contribution of marine organic matter in the mixed culture area. In summary, oyster culture, mixed culture, and cage fish culture in northeastern Zhanjiang Bay had a certain degree of impact on SOM, and mixed culture had more significant influences on SOM based on the high TOC contents and the significant vertical variations of TOC/TN ratio and δ15N value in the sediment of this area. This study provides new insights into the impact of aquaculture activities on SOM content.
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Key words:
- sedimentary organic matter /
- aquaculture /
- stable isotopes /
- sources /
- Zhanjiang Bay
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Figure 1. Sampling stations in and near Zhanjiang Bay. Stations in red color indicates the stations in aquaculture areas of Zhanjiang Bay. GD3 is located in the oyster culture area; NS5 and NS6 are located in the mixed (fishes and shrimps) culture area; and WX1 and WX2 are located in the cage fish culture area.
Figure 2. The distributions of TOC and TN in surface sediments of northeastern and southeastern Zhanjiang Bay.
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of TOC (a) and TN (b) in core sediments of GD3 and NS6.
Figure 4. The relationship between TOC and TN in surface and core sediments of northeastern and southeastern Zhanjiang Bay.
Figure 5. The distributions of TOC/TN ratio (a), δ15N and δ13C (b) in surface sediments of northeastern and southeastern Zhanjiang Bay.
Figure 6. Vertical distribution of TOC/TN ratio (a), δ15N (b) and δ13C (c) in core sediments of GD3 and NS6.
Figure 7. The plot of δ13C and δ15N values and δ15N and TOC/TN values for sedimentary organic matter in aquaculture areas (ASOM) and the potential organic matter sources (RSPM: suspended particulate matter from river input; MSPM: suspended particulate matter from marine autogenic; FASF: fish and shrimp feed; FASS: fish and shrimp feces).
Table 1. The carbon and nitrogen contents, δ13C and δ15N values of fish and shrimp feed and feces in the study area
δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ TOC/% TN/% TOC/TN ratio Fish feed −20.6 ± 2.2 1.8 ± 1.2 39.20 ± 0.91 2.13 ± 0.36 22.0 ± 4.3 Fish fecesa −25.0 6.2 53.10 6.71 9.2 Shrimp feed −18.6 ± 2.6 1.4 ± 0.4 39.29 ± 0.21 2.83 ± 0.62 16.6 ± 3.8 Shrimp fecesa −23.3 4.4 41.76 11.50 4.2 Note: a Due to the small amount of fish and shrimp feces, only one sample of fish feces and one sample of shrimp feces were analyzed. 
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Table 2. The TOC and TN contents, TOC/TN ratio, δ13C and δ15N in surface sediments at each station
Station TOC/% TN/% TOC/TN ratio δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ GD3 0.66 0.04 19.4 −25.9 6.0 NS5 0.81 0.09 10.6 −23.5 7.3 NS6 0.95 0.11 10.1 −23.5 6.8 WX1 0.44 0.03 19.1 −25.3 7.9 WX2 0.71 0.04 19.1 −24.4 6.8 ZJ3 0.85 0.05 19.3 −24.6 5.8 ZJ5 0.63 0.06 11.3 −24.3 7.5 ZJ6 1.09 0.10 12.7 −24.0 6.6 ZJ9 0.55 0.02 31.3 −25.3 7.8 ZJ11 0.53 0.03 20.2 −27.3 4.2 ZJ17 0.68 0.07 11.6 −23.2 6.2
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Table 3. δ13C and δ15N values of samples from different aquaculture areas
Study area Sample type δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ References Cage fish area in Poyang Lake, China Fish feed −25.1 10.1 Wang et al. (2022) Fish feces −26.3 ± 0.0 14.4 ± 1.6 Wang et al. (2022) Fish farm in Gokasho Bay, Japan Fish feed −20.2 9.7 Yokoyama et al. (2006) Fish feces −24.3 6.3 Yokoyama et al. (2006) Fish farm in Gokasho Bay, Japan Fish feed −21.2 10.4 Yamada et al. (2003) Cage fish area in Nansha Port, China Fish feed −20.38 ± 0.24 6.20 ± 0.13 Jiang et al. (2012) Fish feces −17.57 ± 0.18 7.59 ± 0.34 Jiang et al. (2012) Oyster culture area in Sanggou Bay, China Sediment from oyster −18.49 6.53 Ren et al. (2015) Aquaculture area in Zhanjiang Bay, China Fish feed −20.6 ± 2.2 1.8 ± 1.2 This study Fish feces −25.0 6.2 This study Shrimp feed −18.6 ± 2.6 1.4 ± 0.4 This study Shrimp feces −23.3 4.4 This study Oyster culture area in Zhanjian Bay, China Surface sediment −25.9 6.0 This study Mixed culture area in Zhanjian Bay, China Surface Sediment −23.5 ± 0.0 7.1 ± 0.4 This study Cage fish farm area in Zhanjian Bay, China Surface sediment −24.4 6.8 This study
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