Influence of typhoon “MITAG” on the Kuroshio intrusion in the Luzon Strait during early fall 2019
-
Abstract: Typhoons in the Western Pacific have a significant impact on the transport of heat, salt and particles through the Luzon Strait. However, there are very limited field observations of this impact because of extreme difficulties and even dangers for ship-based measurements during the rough weather. Here, we present the preliminary results from analyzing a dataset collected by a glider deployed west of the Luzon Strait a few days prior to the arrival of typhoon “MITAG”. The gilder data revealed an abnormally salinity (>34.8) subsurface water apparently sourced from Kuroshio intrusion during the typhoon. When typhoon “MITAG” traveled on the east of the Luzon Strait, the positive wind stress curl strengthened the cyclonic eddy and weakened the anti-cyclonic eddy. This led to a slowdown of Kuroshio and made its intrusion easier. The main axis of the Kuroshio at the northern part of the strait shifted westward after the typhoon and did not return to its original position until a week later. The Ekman transport from persistent northerly wind of typhoon “MITAG” was significant, but its importance in enhancing the Kuroshio intrusion is only secondary relative to the eddies variations.
-
Key words:
- typhoon /
- glider /
- Kuroshio intrusion /
- Luzon Strait
-
Figure 1. Typhoon “MITAG” tracks, glider paths (cyan dots), and the locations of Argo floats (magenta dots). The black shadow indicates the Kuroshio.
Figure 3. The time series vertical distribution of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), potential density (c), and calculated buoyancy frequency (d). The latitudes at which the gilder was located on certain days were also marked. The white solid lines denote the MLD, the magenta dashed line indicate that the change in direction of glider, the white and black dashed lines indicate the period of passing east of LS for typhoon “MITAG” (Fig. 1), and the blue dashed lines in (b) suggest the boundaries of the high salinity water mass (>34.8).
Figure 4. The time series vertical distribution of potential temperature anomaly (a), salinity anomaly (b), potential density anomaly (c), and mean vertical temperature (d). The latitudes at which the gilder was located on certain days were also marked. The white solid lines denote the MLD, the magenta dashed line indicate that the change in direction of glider, the white and black dashed lines indicate the period of passing east of LS for typhoon “MITAG” (Fig. 1), and the blue dashed lines in b suggest the boundaries of the high salinity water mass (>34.8).
Figure 5. T-S diagrams of CS1/2 and Argo profiles (a) and the climatology salinity maximum at a depth of 0–400 m for September (b) and October (c), respectively. In a, the blue thick line represents the averaged T-S curves for the northeastern SCS water (SCSW), and the red thick line represents Kuroshio water (KW), based on WOA 18 climatology data. The rectangles in b indicate the sampling location of different water masses: the northeastern SCS Water (SCSW, 18°–22°N, 116°–120.5°E) is marked in blue, and the Kuroshio water (KW, 18°–22°N, 122°–124°E) is indicated in red. The cyan dots in c are glider paths, and the magenta dots are locations of Argo floats.
Figure 6. Potential temperature (a), salinity (b), and potential density (c) by Argo float, respectively, and calculated buoyancy frequency (d). The white solid lines denote the MLD, the white and black dashed lines indicate the period of passing east of LS for typhoon “MITAG” (Fig. 1).
Figure 7. Time evolution of the SLA (m) and geostrophic currents (m/s) from September 28 to October 14, 2019. Regions shallower than 200 m are masked. The observed section is represented by cyan dots. The positions of the glider during that day are denoted by red dots. The yellow and magenta dots are the trajectories of Typhoon and Argo float, respectively. The green rectangular frame is used to show the axis of the Kuroshio current, and the blue boxes is area in which the variations of total relative vorticity and EPV are calculated. The cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies in the blue box are denoted as “CE” and “AE”.
Figure 8. Variations of the Kuroshio current during the study period, represented by the geostrophic current meridional velocity (m/s). (a) The movement of the Kuroshio current axis from 120.125°E to 121.875°E. The contour map indicates the northward meridional vector of the Kuroshio current. Each grid represents a velocity maximum and their longitude in the green rectangular (20.125°–21.875°N, 120.125°–121.875°E) in Fig. 7a. The black dots are the position of the Kuroshio current main axis. (b) The velocity variation of the Kuroshio current main axis near 21°N. (c) The velocity variation of the Kuroshio current main axis near 18.5°N. (d) The variation of total relative vorticity in the CE (blue line) and AE (red line) and EPV (orange and green lines) in the blue box (18°–22°N, 122°–124°E) in Fig. 7. The orange line indicate the total EPV calculated in the box (18°–22°N, 122°–124°E), and green line indicate the total EPV calculated in the box (18°N–20°N, 122°E–124°E). The positive value of EPV indicate the Ekman upwelling. (e) The variation of SLA in the center of CE (blue line) and AE (orange line).
Figure 9. Distribution of wind field, wind stress curl (a, b, c) and Ekman transport (d, e, f) when the typhoon passed east of the Luzon Strait. The contour maps in a, b, and c display the wind curl, and the arrows indicate the wind velocity and direction. The contour maps in d, e, and f show the Ekman transport per unit width, and the arrows represent directions.
-
Caruso M J, Gawarkiewicz G G, Beardsley R C. 2006. Interannual variability of the Kuroshio intrusion in the South China Sea. Journal of Oceanography, 62(4): 559–575, doi: 10.1007/s10872-006-0076-0 Centurioni L R, Niiler P P, Lee D K. 2004. Observations of inflow of philippine sea surface water into the South China Sea through the luzon strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34(1): 113–121, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0113:OOIOPS>2.0.CO;2 Chang Yu-Chia, Tseng Ruo-Shan, Centurioni L R. 2010. Typhoon-induced strong surface flows in the Taiwan Strait and Pacific. Journal of Oceanography, 66(2): 175–182, doi: 10.1007/s10872-010-0015-y Chen Fei, Du Yan, Yan Li, et al. 2010. Response of upper ocean currents to typhoons at two ADCP moorings west of the Luzon Strait. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28(5): 1002–1011, doi: 10.1007/s00343-010-0025-z de Boyer Montégut C, Madec G, Fischer A S, et al. 2004. Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C12): C12003 Gao Shumin, Han Shuzong, Wang Shicheng, et al. 2022. The influence of typhoon ‘Hongxia’ on the intrusion of the Kuroshio current into the South China Sea. Journal of Ocean University of China, 22(2): 297–312 Garau B, Ruiz S, Zhang W G, et al. 2011. Thermal lag correction on slocum CTD glider data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 28(9): 1065–1071, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05030.1 Guo Lin, Xiu Peng, Chai Fei, et al. 2017. Enhanced chlorophyll concentrations induced by Kuroshio intrusion fronts in the northern South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(22): 11565–11572 He Yihao, Lin Xiayan, Han Guoqing, et al. 2024. The different dynamic influences of typhoon kalmaegi on two pre-existing anticyclonic ocean eddies. Ocean Science, 20(2): 621–637, doi: 10.5194/os-20-621-2024 Hsin Yi-Chia, Qu Tangdong, Wu Chau-Ron. 2010. Intra-seasonal variation of the Kuroshio southeast of Taiwan and its possible forcing mechanism. Ocean Dynamics, 60(5): 1293–1306, doi: 10.1007/s10236-010-0294-2 Hsu Taiwen, Chou Meng-Hsien, Chao Weiting, et al. 2018. Typhoon effect on Kuroshio and green island wakes: A modelling study. Atmosphere, 9(2): 36, doi: 10.3390/atmos9020036 Hu Jianyu, Zheng Quanan, Sun Zhenyu, et al. 2012. Penetration of nonlinear Rossby eddies into South China Sea evidenced by cruise data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C3): C03010 Huang Zhida, Hu Jianyu. 2010. Hydrographical characteristic along the 20.5°N section through the Luzon Strait based on Argo data. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait (in Chinese), 29(4): 539–546 Idronaut S R L, 2019. OCEAN SEVEN 304Plus CTD PROBE. Brugherio: Monte Amiata, 9–10 Kuo Yichun, Zheng Zhewen, Zheng Quanan, et al. 2018. Typhoon-Kuroshio interaction in an air-sea coupled system: case study of typhoon nanmadol (2011). Ocean Modelling, 132: 130–138, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.10.007 Li Shufeng, Wang Shuxin, Zhang Fumin, et al. 2019. Constructing the three-dimensional structure of an anticyclonic eddy in the south China sea using multiple underwater gliders. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 36(12): 2449–2470, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0006.1 Li Shufeng, Zhang Fumin, Wang Shuxin, et al. 2020. Constructing the three-dimensional structure of an anticyclonic eddy with the optimal configuration of an underwater glider network. Applied Ocean Research, 95: 101893, doi: 10.1016/j.apor.2019.101893 Liang Wen-Der, Yang Yiing Jang, Tang Tswen Yung, et al. 2008. Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C8): C08048 Lien R C, Ma B, Cheng Yu-Hsin, et al. 2014. Modulation of Kuroshio transport by mesoscale eddies at the Luzon Strait entrance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(4): 2129–2142, doi: 10.1002/2013JC009548 Liu Guangping, Hu Jianyu. 2012. A preliminary analysis of variation of the Kuroshio axis during tropical cyclone. Journal of Tropical Oceanography (in Chinese), 31(1): 35–41 Liu Yupeng, Tang Danling, Tang Shilin, et al. 2020. A case study of Chlorophyll a response to tropical cyclone Wind Pump considering Kuroshio invasion and air-sea heat exchange. Science of The Total Environment, 741: 140290, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140290 Liu Meng, Wang Zhiwen, Yu Kaiqi, et al. 2023. Two distinct types of turbidity currents observed in the Manila Trench, South China Sea. Communications Earth & Environment, 4: 108 Liu Yonggang, Weisberg R H, Lembke C. 2015. Glider salinity correction for unpumped CTD sensors across a sharp thermocline. In: Liu Yonggang, Kerkering H, Weisberg R H, eds. Coastal Ocean Observing Systems. Boston: Academic Press, 305–325. Lu Jiuyou, Liu Qinyu. 2013. Gap-leaping Kuroshio and blocking westward-propagating Rossby wave and eddy in the Luzon Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(3): 1170–1181, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20116 Ma Jie, Hu Shijian, Hu Dunxin, et al. 2022. Structure and variability of the Kuroshio and Luzon Undercurrent observed by a mooring array. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(2): e2021JC017754, doi: 10.1029/2021JC017754 Ma Wei, Wang Yanhui, Yang Shaoqiong, et al. 2018. Observation of internal solitary waves using an underwater glider in the northern South China Sea. Journal of Coastal Research, 34(5): 1188–1195 Morison J, Andersen R, Larson N, et al. 1994. The correction for thermal-lag effects in Sea-Bird CTD data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 11(4): 1151–1164, doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<1151:TCFTLE>2.0.CO;2 Nan Feng, Xue Huijie, Chai Fei, et al. 2011. Identification of different types of Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea. Ocean Dynamics, 61(9): 1291–1304, doi: 10.1007/s10236-011-0426-3 Nan Feng, Xue Huijie, Yu Fei. 2015. Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 137: 314–333, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.012 Qian Simeng, Wei Hao, Xiao Jingen, et al. 2018. Impacts of the Kuroshio intrusion on the two eddies in the northern South China Sea in late spring 2016. Ocean Dynamics, 68(12): 1695–1709, doi: 10.1007/s10236-018-1224-y Qu Tangdong. 2000. Upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30(6): 1450–1460, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1450:ULCITS>2.0.CO;2 Qu Tangdong. 2002. Evidence for water exchange between the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean through the Luzon Strait. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 21(2): 175–185 Sui Junpeng, Chen Haijun, Wang Zhuyu, et al. 2018. Analysis of the Luzon Strait transport anomalies caused by typhoon “Dandelion” in 2004. Marine Forecasts (in Chinese), 35(5): 1–6 Sun Jingru, Oey L, Xu F H, et al. 2017. Sea level rise, surface warming, and the weakened buffering ability of South China Sea to strong typhoons in recent decades. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 7418, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07572-3 Sun Liang, Yang Yuanjian, Fu Yunfei. 2009. Impacts of typhoons on the Kuroshio large meander: Observation evidences. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2(1): 45–50, doi: 10.1080/16742834.2009.11446772 Tian Jiwei, Yang Qingxuan, Liang Xinfeng, et al. 2006. Observation of Luzon Strait transport. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(19): L19607 Troupin C, Beltran J P, Heslop E, et al. 2015. A toolbox for glider data processing and management. Methods in Oceanography, 13–14: 13–23 Wang Xiangpeng, Du Yan, Zhang Yuhong, et al. 2021. Influence of two eddy pairs on high-salinity water intrusion in the northern South China Sea during fall-winter 2015/2016. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(6): e2020JC016733, doi: 10.1029/2020JC016733 Wang Xiangpeng, Du Yan, Zhang Yuhong, et al. 2023. Effects of multiple dynamic processes on chlorophyll variation in the Luzon Strait in summer 2019 based on glider observation. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 41(2): 469–481, doi: 10.1007/s00343-022-1416-7 Wang Yanhui, Zhang Yiteng, Zhang Mingming, et al. 2017. Design and flight performance of hybrid underwater glider with controllable wings. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 14(3): 1729881417703566 Wu Chau-Ron, Hsin Y C. 2012. The forcing mechanism leading to the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C7): C07015 Xue Huijie, Chai Fei, Pettigrew N, et al. 2004. Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C2): C02017 Yang Yikai, Wang Dongxiao, Wang Qiang, et al. 2019. Eddy-induced transport of saline Kuroshio water into the northern South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124(9): 6673–6687, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014847 Yaremchuk M, Qu Tangdong. 2004. Seasonal variability of the large-scale currents near the coast of the Philippines. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34(4): 844–855, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0844:SVOTLC>2.0.CO;2 Yi Zhenhui, Yu Jiancheng, Mao Huabin, et al. 2019. A noise processing method for salinity data underwater glider. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems (in Chinese), 27(5): 503–513 Yuan Dongliang, Han Weiqing, Hu Dunxin. 2006. Surface Kuroshio path in the Luzon Strait area derived from satellite remote sensing data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C11): C11007 Zhang Zhiwei, Zhao Wei, Tian Jiwei, et al. 2015. Spatial structure and temporal variability of the zonal flow in the Luzon Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(2): 759–776, doi: 10.1002/2014JC010308 Zhang Zheliang, Zheng Yunxia, Li Hao. 2023. Imprints of tropical cyclone on three-dimensional structural characteristics of mesoscale oceanic eddies. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10: 1057798, doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.1057798 Zhou Hui, Nan Feng, Shi Maochong, et al. 2009. Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 27(30): 650–657 Zhou Hui, Yang Wenlong, Liu Hengchang, et al. 2017. The influence of typhoon Haima on warm eddies near the Luzon Strait and its dynamics. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica (in Chinese), 48(6): 1276–1288 -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 112
- HTML全文浏览量: 51
- 被引次数: 0
