The environmental analysis and site selection of mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas based on high resolution remote sensing
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Abstract: Mussel aquaculture and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas and their environmental characteristics in Zhoushan were analyzed using satellite data and in-situ surveys. A new two-step remote sensing method was proposed and applied to determine the basic environmental characteristics of the best mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas. This methodology includes the first step of extraction of the location distribution and the second step of the extraction of internal environmental factors. The fishery ranching index (FRI1, FRI2) was established to extract the mussel and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan, using Gaofen-1 (GF-1) and Gaofen-6 (GF-6) satellite data with a special resolution of 2 m. In the second step, the environmental factors such as sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration, current and tide, suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in mussel aquaculture area and large yellow croaker aquaculture area were extracted and analyzed in detail. The results show the following three points. (1) For the extraction of the mussel aquaculture area, FRI1 and FRI2 are complementary, and the combination of FRI1 and FRI2 is suitable to extract the mussel aquaculture area. As for the large yellow croaker aquaculture area extraction, FRI2 is suitable. (2) Mussel aquaculture and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan are mainly located on the side near the islands that are away from the eastern open waters. The water environment factor template suitable for mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture was determined. (3) This two-step remote sensing method can be used for the preliminary screening of potential site selection for the mussels and large yellow croaker aquaculture area in the future. the fishery ranching index (FRI1, FRI2) in this paper can be applied to extract the mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas in coastal waters around the world.
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Figure 1. The location of Zhoushan Islands. Point 1: Zhoushan Gouqi Island. S: Zhoushan Ma’an Archipelago sea area. Point 2: Zhoushan Qingbang Island. Z: Zhongjieshan Archipelago sea area of Dongji Town. The red marks are the locations of the two national aquaculture demonstration zones in Zhoushan. The yellow mark is the sampling point of in-situ current data. The map on the top left downloaded from
http://211.159.153.75/ , with figure number of GS(2023)2764.
Figure 2. Location of Zhoushan aquaculture area (a and c), a photograph of the mussel aquaculture area in Shengsi, Zhoushan (b), a photograph of large yellow croaker cages near Qingbang Island in Zhoushan (d), and histogram of GF-6 images (March 3, 2019) in 4 bands (e). Four red squares (1, 2, 3, 4) in a: Zhoushan mussel aquaculture area in Shengsi. Two red squares (5, 6) in c: Qingbang Island large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan.
Figure 4. Aquaculture area extracted using FRI1 (a, b, and c) and FRI2 (d, e, and f). The colorful parts in the image highlight the aquaculture area. Images in a and d are from GF-6 satelite data on October 3, 2019. Images in b, c, e, and f are from GF-6 satelite data on August 22, 2020. The colored parts in a and d are the main mussel aquaculture areas around Gouqi Island, and b, c, e, and f are large yellow croaker aquaculture areas around Dongji Qingbang Island.
Figure 5. Flow velocity and direction at surface and bottom during August 29 to August 31, 2020.
Figure 8. Chl-a concentration distribution retrieved from HY-1C CZI images (a–l), Chl-a concentration distribution retrieved from Landsat8 images (m–r), and average Chl-a concentration distribution map from 2017 to 2020 (s–v). The black arrow indicates the direction of the local tidal current.
Figure 9. SSC distribution in aquaculture area obtained from GF-1 wide field-of-view satellite images (a–o) and the study areas (p, red boxes). The black arrow indicates the direction of the tidal current.
Figure 10. The distribution of SST, SSS, and wind field. a b, c, and d were obtained from Group for High-Resolution SST (GHRSST) 2021 monthly mean SST data. e, f, g, and h were obtained from the 2021 SSS data provided by Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). i, j, k, and l were obtained from the 2021 monthly average wind field data provided by Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS).
Figure 11. Zhoushan mariculture area and potential mariculture area. The areas in the red boxes are mussel aquaculture area, the areas in the yellow boxes are large yellow croaker aquaculture area, the area in the black box is potential mussel aquaculture area and the areas in the green boxes are potential large yellow croaker aquaculture area. Areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the typical regions of the two aquaculture areas. Area 1: Gouqi Island area. Area 2: Qushan Islands area. Area 3: Qingbang Island area. Area 4: Liuheng Island area. Area 5: Shengsi Islands area. Area 6: Daxizhai Island area. Area 7: Putuo Mountain Island area.
Figure 13. Two-step remote sensing method and mechanism for potential site selection for the mussels and large yellow croaker aquaculture area.
Table 1. GF-1 satellite payload parameters
Sensor Band No. Spectral range/μm Spatial resolution/m PMS 1 0.45–0.90 2 PMS 2 0.45–0.52 8 PMS 3 0.52–0.59 8 PMS 4 0.63–0.69 8 PMS 5 0.77–0.89 8 WFV 1 0.45–0.52 16 WFV 2 0.52–0.59 16 WFV 3 0.63–0.69 16 WFV 4 0.77–0.89 16 
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Table 2. GF-6 satellite payload parameter
Sensor Band No. Spectral range/μm Spatial resolution/m Width/km PMS 1 (Pan) 0.45–0.90 2 >90 PMS 2 (blue) 0.45–0.52 8 >90 PMS 3 (green) 0.52–0.59 8 >90 PMS 4 (red) 0.63–0.69 8 >90 PMS 5 (NIR) 0.77–0.89 8 >90 Note: Pan, panchromatic; NIR, near infrared.
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Table 3. HY-1C Satellite payload parameters
Sensor Band No. Spectral range/μm Spatial resolution/m CZI 1 0.42–0.50 50 CZI 2 0.52–0.60 50 CZI 3 0.61–0.69 50 CZI 4 0.76–0.89 50
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Table 4. Landsat-8 Satellite payload parameters
Sensor Band No. Spectral range/μm Spatial resolution/m OIL 1 0.49–0.45 30 OIL 2 0.45–0.51 30 OIL 3 0.53–0.59 30 OIL 4 0.64–0.67 30 OIL 5 0.85–0.88 30 OIL 6 1.57–1.65 30 OIL 7 2.11–2.29 30 OIL 8 0.50–0.68 15 OIL 9 1.36–1.38 30 TIRS 10 10.60–11.19 100 TIRS 11 11.50–12.51 100
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Table 5. The water body and float pixel differences from Band 1 to Band 4
Group Water body and float pixel difference Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Group 1 60 50 47 113 Group 2 106 126 122 83 Group 3 249 249 228 199 Group 4 60 54 62 112 Group 5 69 70 108 145 Group 6 151 181 175 67 Group 7 88 93 107 98 Group 8 111 101 110 138 Group 9 146 124 104 129 Group 10 87 123 151 105 Group 11 51 52 66 89 Group 12 157 165 163 175 Group 13 85 85 103 139 Group 14 65 71 81 55 Group 15 87 70 102 150 Group 16 111 98 134 110 Group 17 162 161 182 132 Group 18 75 74 126 173 Group 19 269 316 318 184 Group 20 218 266 377 252 120.35 126.45 143.3 132.4 Note: The bold numbers represent average values.
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Table 6. Comparison of FRI in Gouqi Island mussel aquaculture area (high sediment concentration)
Group FRI1 DN difference value FRI2 DN difference value Group 1 4.2715 11.5829 Group 2 1.1421 7.8749 Group 3 5.6927 7.9030 Group 4 1.2801 3.9819 Group 5 3.1422 8.9573 Group 6 1.2521 6.1892 Group 7 2.9368 8.1809 Group 8 4.9435 11.4821 Group 9 33.5121 25.2411 Group 10 15.9151 17.1548 7.4088 10.8548 Note: The values in the table represent the water body and floating raft DN differences (from the FRI), and the bold numbers are average values. In the mussel aquaculture area with high sediment concentration, the difference between FRI2 sampling point pairs was greater than that of FRI1.
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Table 7. Comparison of FRI in Gouqi Island mussel aquaculture area (low sediment concentration)
Group FRI1 DN difference value FRI2 DN difference value Group 1 17.2449 16.5857 Group 2 16.9885 18.6439 Group 3 16.7788 7.4004 Group 4 12.7052 10.1599 Group 5 11.5455 8.1728 Group 6 10.0933 9.1448 Group 7 13.3005 9.4569 Group 8 12.5430 8.6315 Group 9 12.5499 8.0211 Group 10 14.5369 6.8512 13.8286 10.3068 Note: The values in the table represent the water body and floating raft DN differences (from the FRI), and the bold numbers are average values. There was no significant difference between the FRI1 and FRI2 extraction in the mussel aquaculture area with low sediment concentration, but the difference between FRI1 sampling point pairs was still greater than that of FRI2.
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Table 8. Comparison of FRI in Qingbang large yellow croaker aquaculture area
Group FRI1 DN difference value FRI2 DN difference value Group 1 24.4985 99.2819 Group 2 6.9483 197.2781 Group 3 22.626 0 135.5604 Group 4 54.2082 119.9738 Group 5 21.4199 105.0091 Group 6 21.4233 152.3744 25.1874 134.9130 Note: The values in the table represent the water body and floating raft DN differences (from the FRI), and the bold numbers are average values. In the large yellow croaker aquaculture area, the difference of sampling point pairs by the FRI2 method was significantly larger than that by FRI1.
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Table 9. Summary of marine environment factors in Zhoushan aquaculture areas
Area SST/℃ SSC/
(mg · L–1)SSS Chl-a concentration/
(μg · L–1)Current velocity/
(m · s–1)Depth/m Seafloor
sedimentUpwelling Zhoushan mussel
aquaculture area12–26 200–800 20–30 2–8 0.16–1.00 >15 silty clay have Zhoushan large yellow
croaker aquaculture area12.6–26 250–600 20–30 3–9 0.20–2.00 >17 oozy and
silty clayhave
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