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Abstract: Climate change has led to significant fluctuations in marine ecosystems, including alterations in the structure and function of food webs and ecosystem status. Coastal ecosystems are critical to the functioning of the earth’s life-supporting systems. However, temporal variations in most of these ecosystems have remained unclear so far. In this study, we employed a linear inverse model with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (LIM-MCMC) combined with ecological network analysis (ENA) to reveal the temporal variations of the food web in Haizhou Bay of China. Food webs were constructed based on diet composition data in this ecosystem during the year of 2011 and 2018. Results indicated that there were obvious temporal variations in the composition of food webs in autumn of 2011 and 2018. The number of prey and predators for most species in food web decreased in 2018 compared with 2011, especially for Trichiurus lepturus, zooplankton, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, and Loligo sp. ENA showed that the complexity of food web structure could be reflected by comprehensive analysis of compartmentalized indicators. Haizhou Bay ecosystem was more mature and stable in 2011, while the ecosystem’s self-sustainability and recovery from disturbances were accelerated from 2011 to 2018. These findings contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of marine ecosystems and highlight the importance of comprehensive analysis of marine food webs. This work provides a framework for assessing and comparing temporal variations in marine ecosystems, which provides essential information and scientific guidance for the Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management (EBFM).
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Key words:
- LIM-MCMC /
- ecological network analysis /
- marine ecosystem /
- food web
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Figure 2. Diet composition of species in Haizhou Bay food web in 2011 (a) and 2018 (b).
Note: The codes of G1-G80 are shown in Table 2. Different colors represent different groups, which are white (phytoplankton), gray (zooplankton), grayish (others), yellow (shrimps), orange (crabs), tomato (cephalopods), and red (fish).
Figure 3. Percentage change of ecological indicators in Haizhou Bay in autumn of 2011 and 2018.
Notes: The negative impacts indicate decreased indices in 2018 and positive impacts indicate increased indices.
Table 1. Ecological network analysis (ENA) indices analyzed in this study
Ecological network analysis (ENA) Name of indices Abbreviation General measures Number of compartments
Total system throughput
Total system throughflow
Link density
Number of links
Average compartment throughflow
Connectance
Average link weight
CompartmentalizationN
T
TST
LD
L
TST’
C
Tij
C’Pathway analysis Total system cycled throughflow
Total system non-cycled throughflow
Finn’s cycling index
Average path lengthTSTc
TSTs
FCI
PLNetwork uncertainty Average mutual information
Statistical uncertainty
Conditional uncertainty
Realized uncertainty
Network constraint
Constraint efficiencyAMI
HR
DR
RUR
HC
CESystem development and growth Ascendency
Development capacity
Overhead
Extent of developmentA
DC
$\varPhi $
ACEnvironment analysis Homogenization
Synergism index
Dominance indirect effectsHP
b/c
i/d
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Table 2. Food web composition in Haizhou Bay in autumn of 2011 and 2018
Code Species or taxa 2011 2018 Code Species or taxa 2011 2018 G1 Eualus sinensis √ G41 Johnius belangerii √ √ G2 Pennahia argentata √ √ G42 Amoya pflaumi √ √ G3 Pampus sp. √ √ G43 Other gobies √ √ G4 Thryssa kammalensis √ √ G44 Other shrimps √ √ G5 Hexagrammos otakii √ √ G45 Loligo sp. √ √ G6 Protosalanx hyalocranius √ G46 Sardinella zunas √ √ G7 Trichiurus lepturus √ √ G47 Alpheus japonicus √ √ G8 Metapenaeopsis dalei √ √ G48 Scomber japonicus √ √ G9 Coilia nasus √ G49 Charybdis japonica √ √ G10 Benthos √ G50 Soleidae sp. √ √ G11 Pagrus major √ √ G51 Charybdis bimaculata √ √ G12 Cottus sp. √ √ G52 Sepiola birostrata √ G13 Octopus ocellatus √ √ G53 Bivalvia √ √ G14 Enedrias fangi √ √ G54 Euprymna morsei √ √ G15 Coilia mystus √ √ G55 Azuma emmnion √ G16 Zooplankton √ √ G56 Engraulis japonicus √ G17 Phytoplankton √ √ G57 Thamnaconus modestus √ G18 Gastropods √ √ G58 Sillago sihama √ √ G19 Syngnathus acus √ √ G59 Leptochela gracilis √ G20 Metanephrops Challengeri √ G60 Jaydia lineata √ √ G21 Sebastiscus marmoratus √ G61 Alpheus distinguendus √ √ G22 Paralichthys olivaceus √ G62 Callionymus sp. √ √ G23 Annelida √ G63 Eupleurogrammus muticus √ G24 Nibea albiflora √ G64 Larimichthys polyactis √ √ G25 Setipinna tenuifilis √ √ G65 Chelidonichthys spinosus √ √ G26 Echinodermata √ √ G66 Other crabs √ √ G27 Crangon affinis √ G67 Conger myriaster √ √ G28 commersonii √ G68 Sebastes schlegelii √ √ G29 Pleuronichthys cornutus √ √ G69 Trachypenaeus curvirostris √ √ G30 Sepia esculenta √ √ G70 Platycephalus indicus √ G31 Sebastes hubbsi √ √ G71 Sphyraena pinguis √ √ G32 Raja porosa √ G72 Ammodytes personatus √ √ G33 Oratosquilla oratoria √ √ G73 Palaemon gravieri √ √ G34 Decapterus maruadsi √ G74 Octopus variabilis √ √ G35 Amblychaeturichthys hexanema √ √ G75 Saurida elongata √ √ G36 Acetes sp. √ √ G76 Myersina filifer √ √ G37 Chaemrichthys stigmatias √ √ G77 Thryssa mystax √ √ G38 Collichthys sp. √ √ G78 Tridentiger barbatus √ √ G39 Erisphex pottii √ G79 Lophius litulon √ G40 Miichthys miiuy √ √ G80 Liparis sp. √ Note: √ indicates the presence of the species or taxa.
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Table 3. Changes in the number of prey and predators for each species in the food web of Haizhou Bay in autumn of 2011 and 2018
Code Prey Predators Code Prey Predators 2011 2018 2011 2018 2011 2018 2011 2018 G1 4 / 19 / G41 19 15 10 9 G2 20 16 3 4 G42 5 4 6 6 G3 3 2 0 0 G43 12 9 9 6 G4 5 4 9 9 G44 7 5 38 33 G5 31 24 0 0 G45 16 11 27 24 G6 1 / 0 / G46 5 4 5 4 G7 28 20 2 1 G47 10 7 26 22 G8 4 3 18 20 G48 9 6 0 0 G9 4 / 0 / G49 7 6 4 3 G10 7 / 2 / G50 16 13 7 6 G11 15 12 1 0 G51 6 6 9 10 G12 1 1 0 0 G52 6 / 13 / G13 16 11 1 1 G53 2 2 41 36 G14 16 12 4 4 G54 6 4 1 1 G15 5 3 4 3 G55 1 / 0 / G16 2 2 62 52 G56 5 / 21 / G17 0 0 8 4 G57 9 / 0 / G18 2 2 35 31 G58 10 7 4 3 G19 1 1 0 0 G59 2 / 43 / G20 2 / 20 / G60 2 1 20 18 G21 12 / 1 / G61 9 6 24 21 G22 17 / 0 / G62 15 11 7 6 G23 2 / 37 / G63 5 / 0 / G24 14 / 0 / G64 30 23 11 10 G25 4 3 4 1 G65 32 26 0 0 G26 4 3 21 18 G66 7 6 34 30 G27 4 / 21 / G67 33 26 0 0 G28 1 / 0 / G68 16 12 1 1 G29 9 8 0 0 G69 12 8 15 12 G30 5 5 0 0 G70 5 / 2 / G31 9 6 0 0 G71 5 3 2 0 G32 15 / 0 / G72 4 3 2 1 G33 18 15 22 18 G73 5 3 23 23 G34 17 / 1 / G74 16 11 2 2 G35 20 13 15 13 G75 22 19 4 3 G36 2 2 26 21 G76 10 8 5 5 G37 18 13 16 14 G77 5 4 3 4 G38 17 13 6 4 G78 13 9 2 2 G39 4 / 0 / G79 / 14 / 0 G40 21 17 0 0 G80 / 16 / 0 Note: Italics indicate a change (decrease) of greater than 7 in the number of prey and predators of a species or taxa compared to 2011, and bold fonts indicate an increase in the number of predators.
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Table 4. Temporal variations in ENA indices in Haizhou Bay in autumn of 2011 and 2018
Ecological network analysis (ENA) Abbreviation Values 2011 2018 General measures N
T
TST
LD
L
TST’
C
Tij
C’78
30 070.17
43 535.31
12.12
945
558.15
0.14
31.82
0.2360
24 662.32
35 441.45
10.87
652
590.69
0.16
37.83
0.27Pathway analysis TSTc
TSTs
FCI
PL937.56
42 597.96
2.15
2.711081.01
34 360.44
3.05
2.78Network uncertainty AMI
HR
DR
RUR
HC
CE2.70
5.44
2.74
0.50
306.00
0.622.48
5.18
2.70
0.48
241.57
0.60System development and growth A
DC
$\varPhi $
AC81 230.64
246 482.26
165 251.63
0.3361 263.66
194 203.61
132 939.95
0.32Environment analysis HP
b/c
i/d2.15
0.97
6.832.11
1.00
7.12
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