The morphological changes of basal channels based on multi-source remote sensing data at the Pine Island Ice Shelf
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Abstract: The basal channel is a detailed morphological feature of the ice shelf caused by uneven basal melting. This kind of specifically morphology is widely distributed in polar ice shelves. It is an important research object of sea-ice interaction and plays a vital role in studying the relationship between the ice sheet/ice shelf and global warming. In this paper, high-resolution remote sensing image and ice penetration data were combined to extract the basal channel of the Pine Island Ice Shelf. The depth variation of Pine Island Ice Shelf in the recent 20 years was analyzed and discussed by using ICESat-1, ICESat-2, and IceBridge data. Combined with relevant marine meteorological elements (sea surface temperature, surface melting days, circumpolar deep water and wind) to analyze the basal channel changes, the redistribution of ocean heat is considered to be the most important factor affecting the evolution and development of the basal channel.
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Key words:
- basal channel /
- Pine Island Ice Shelf /
- digital elevation model (DEM) /
- ICESat /
- IceBridge
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Figure 1. Pine Island Ice Shelf. The box in the upper left figure indicates the location of the study area. The colored lines in the figure correspond to different types of basal channels. The blue base layer represents surface elevation data for Pine Island Ice Shelf. The short black lines (A–F) represent the OIB flight paths.
Figure 2. The sampling location of modified circumpolar deep water/circumpolar deep water (blue), SST (green), and surface melting days (SMD, red). The base map is Mosaic of Antarctic superimposed by Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica.
Figure 4. Time series of seawater temperature near the calving front of the Pine Island Ice Shelf with moored CTD at 430 m underwater.
Figure 5. Pine Island wind field data. The arrow points in the direction of the wind and the color represents the wind speed value.
Figure 6. SMD at Pine Island Ice Shelf. Solid gray lines represent the SMD at 6 points as shown in Fig. 2. The red line is the average number of melting days at the 6 locations.
Figure 7. Pine Island calving front changes. The red box in the upper left figure indicates the location of the study area. Each color line corresponds to the calving front of the ice shelf in different years.
Figure 8. Extraction and analysis of ice shelf basal channel. A1, A2 and A3 represent the position of the same point on the ice shelf surface in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of determining the basal channel position through OIB data, A–F corresponding to the position of the black letter mark in Fig. 1. The orange area represents the position and correspondence between the basal channel and the surface depression.
Figure 10. Sampling location of grounding-line-sourced basal channels of the east branch (a), and orresponding to the elevation time series of the surface depression at transects areas located in a using ICESat-1 (I1) and ICESat-2 (I2) (b−d). The red dotted box in the upper left corner marks the approximate location of the east branch. The black square represents the uniform elevation point.
Figure 11. Monthly temperature change curve from 2004 to 2008. The location is shown in Fig. 2 with green dot.
Figure 12. Bedrock elevation near the east branch of the Pine Island Ice Shelf. The solid black line represents the grounding line location. The solid green line represents the grounding-line-sourced basal channel. The blue dashed boxes mark two bedrock bulges at this location.
Figure 13. The elevation time series of the surface depression at Transect F is shown in Fig. 1 by using ICESat-1 (I1).
Figure 14. The elevation time series of the surface depression at transects areas of C−E is shown in Fig. 1 by combining ICESat-1 (I1), ICESat-2 (I2), and OIB (IB). a. Grounding-line-sourced basal channel. b. Subglacially-sourced basal channel. c. Ocean-sourced basal channel.
Table 1. Calving area and calving front retreat distance of Pine Island Ice Shelf
Year Retreat distance/km Calving area/km2 2001–2002 12 494 2007–2008 16 634 2012–2013 28 762 2015–2016 19 455 2017–2018 5 140 2018–2019 13 310 2019–2020 16 203 
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