Wave hindcast under tropical cyclone conditions in the South China Sea: sensitivity to wind fields

Liqun Jia; Shimei Wu; Bo Han; Shuqun Cai; Renhao Wu

doi:10.1007/s13131-023-2227-1

doi: 10.1007/s13131-023-2227-1

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-08
- 录用日期: 2023-06-21
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-01
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-01

Wave hindcast under tropical cyclone conditions in the South China Sea: sensitivity to wind fields

Liqun Jia¹,
Shimei Wu¹,
Bo Han^{1, 2},
Shuqun Cai³,
Renhao Wu^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
2.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Funds: The Major Projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. U21A6001; the Program of Marine Economy Development Special Fund under Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province under contract No. GDNRC [2022]18; the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) under contract No. SML2021SP207; the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No. LTO2001.

More Information

Corresponding author: wurenhao@mail.sysu.edu.cn

摘要

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Abstract: Reliable wave information is critical for marine engineering. Numerical wave models are useful tools to obtain wave information with continuous spatiotemporal distributions. However, the accuracy of model results highly depends on the quality of wind forcing. In this study, we utilize observations from five buoys deployed in the northern South China Sea from August to September 2017. Notably, these buoys successfully recorded wind field and wave information during the passage of five tropical cyclones of different intensities without sustaining any damage. Based on these unique observations, we evaluated the quality of four widely used wind products, namely CFSv2, ERA5, CCMP, and ERAI. Our analysis showed that in the northern South China Sea, ERA5 performed best compared to buoy observations, especially in terms of maximum wind speed values at 10 m height (U10), extreme U10 occurrence time, and overall statistical indicators. CFSv2 tended to overestimate non-extreme U10 values. CCMP showed favorable statistical performance at only three of the five buoys, but underestimated extreme U10 values at all buoys. ERAI had the worst performance under both normal and tropical cyclone conditions. In terms of wave hindcast accuracy, ERA5 outperformed the other reanalysis products, with CFSv2 and CCMP following closely. ERAI showed poor performance especially in the upper significant wave heights. Furthermore, we found that the wave hindcasts did not improve with increasing spatiotemporal resolution, with spatial resolution up to 0.5°. These findings would help in improving wave hindcasts under extreme conditions.
- wave hindcast /
- SWAN /
- tropical cyclone /
- South China Sea

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Figure 1. The study area, bathymetry (color fill), and tracks of five tropical cyclone (TCs) during the study period. The magenta triangles represent buoy positions.

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Figure 2. Time series of U10 (wind speed at 10 m height), wind direction between four wind data and corresponding buoy observations, with the time period from August 1 to September 30, 2017. The five periods of tropical cyclone (TC) occurrences are marked with a semi-transparent background color, from left to right: TC Hato, TC Pakhar, TC Mawar, TC Guchol, TC Doksuri. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2; OBS: buoy observation.

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Figure 3. Taylor diagram of wind speeds at 10 m height (U10) comparison at five buoys. The three rows from top to bottom are the entire period of this study (from August 1 to September 30, 2017), tropical cyclone (TC)-only period, and TC-free period, respectively. The Points A, B, C, D, O in the Taylor diagram represent CCMP, ERAI, ERA5, CFSv2, and buoy observations, respectively. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 4. Scatter diagram of wind speeds at 10 m height (U10) obtained from four wind data and buoy observations between August 1 and September 30, 2017. The five columns from left to right represent five buoys. The x-axis represents U10 selected from the buoy observations, the y-axis represents U10 from the four wind products. The black lines represent for the perfect agreement between wind data and observations. The red lines and blue lines are fitted lines from different fitting formulas. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 5. Magnitude of time-averaged wind speed in the study area. The four columns from left to right represent four wind data. The three rows from top to bottom represent the entire period, tropical cyclone (TC)-only period, and TC-free period. The black dots are the buoy positions. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 6. Contour distribution of the 99th percentile on wind speed during tropical cyclones (TCs). The five rows from top to bottom are five TC periods. The four columns are four snapshots during the TCs. The black lines are the TC tracks. The four colored contours represent four wind data. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 7. Time series comparison of H_s and wave direction obtained from corresponding wave hindcast and buoy observations. The five periods of tropical cyclone occurrences are marked with a semi-transparent background color, from left to right: TC Hato, TC Pakhar, TC Mawar, TC Guchol, TC Doksuri. H_s: significant wave height; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2; OBS: buoy observation.

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Figure 8. Time series comparison of mean absolute wave period (Tm01) and peak period of variance density spectrum (Rtp) obtained from corresponding wave hindcast and buoy observations. The five periods of tropical cyclone occurrences are marked with a semi-transparent background color. Tm01: mean absolute wave period; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2; OBS: buoy observation.

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Figure 9. Taylor diagram of significant wave height comparison at five buoys. The three rows from top to bottom are the entire period, tropical cyclone (TC)-only period, and TC-period. The Points A, B, C, D, O in the Taylor diagram represent CCMP, ERAI, ERA5, CFSv2, and buoy observations, respectively. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 10. Scatter plot of H_s obtained from wave hindcasts and buoy observations over the entire period. The five columns from left to right represent five buoys. The x-axis represents H_s selected from buoy observations, the y-axis represents H_s from the four wind products. The black lines represent perfect agreement between wind data and observations. The red and blue lines are fitted lines from different fitting formulas. H_s: significant wave height; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 11. Magnitude of time-averaged H_s in the study area. The four columns from left to right represent four wind data. The three rows from top to bottom represent for entire period, tropical cyclone-only period, and tropical cyclone-free period. The black dots are the buoy positions. H_s: significant wave height; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 12. Contour distribution of the 99th percentile of significant wave heights during tropical cyclone (TCs). The five rows from top to bottom are five TC periods. The four columns are four snapshots during the TCs. The black lines are the TC tracks. The four colored contours represent four wind data. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Figure 13. Waverose diagram of significant wave height (H_s) and wave direction obtained from experiments with different resolutions. The five rows from top to bottom correspond to the original results (Ori), spatial resolution of 0.5˚, spatial resolution of 1.0˚, temporal resolution of 3 h, and temporal resolution of 6 h, respectively. The five columns from left to right are at Buoys B1−B5. The three colors in each plot represent different ranges of H_s.

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Figure 14. Contours represent the 99th percentile of significant wave height under different resolution experiments. The five rows from top to bottom are five tropical cyclone (TC) periods. The four columns are four snapshots during the TCs. The black lines are the TC tracks. CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Table 1. Features of wind datasets

Data source	Temporal coverage	Temporal resolution/h	Spatial resolution
ERAI	1979−2019	3	0.25°
ERA5	1979−2021	3	0.25°
CFSv2	2011−present	1	0.125°
CCMP	1987−present	6	0.25°
Note: ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform.

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Table 2. Features of buoys

Buoy	Latitude	Longitude	Depth/m	Number of Samples
B1	21.12°N	112.63°E	50.43	1468
B2	21.50°N	114.00°E	54.02	1478
B3	22.28°N	115.60°E	49.17	1635
B4	22.87°N	117.10°E	40.60	1172
B5	19.87°N	115.46°E	1243.69	1472

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Table 3. Average value (mean), maximum value of wind speed at 10 m height (U10) of the four wind data and corresponding hour when reaching the maximum value during each tropical cyclone period

	Mean U10/(m·s⁻¹)					Maximum U10/(m·s⁻¹)					Occurrence of maximum U10/h
	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri
Buoy B1	6.67	7.20	3.38	3.26	6.25	18.60	15.20	7.40	11.10	16.60	92	64	113	33	104
CCMP	5.71	6.85	2.91	2.97	5.67	12.96	9.77	7.37	4.39	12.46	91	67	115	39	97
ERAI	4.69	7.30	2.29	1.60	5.70	10.05	9.97	4.71	2.97	11.67	97	64	31	42	109
ERA5	6.22	7.08	3.33	2.16	5.84	14.57	12.15	6.86	4.95	12.78	92	67	118	22	97
CFSv2	7.18	7.30	4.56	4.52	5.53	15.70	12.72	10.33	8.05	12.71	87	67	120	26	99
Buoy B2	7.41	8.11	4.09	2.94	5.54	43.40	19.30	11.10	10.60	13.90	87	69	79	39	96
CCMP	5.53	7.45	3.42	2.82	4.71	15.68	13.28	7.59	4.57	11.68	85	79	115	39	97
ERAI	4.92	7.92	2.80	1.66	5.00	12.09	11.59	5.19	3.43	10.96	97	79	43	39	97
ERA5	6.69	8.02	4.13	3.15	5.22	21.42	15.17	9.32	5.51	12.16	89	74	112	29	92
CFSv2	6.93	8.35	4.13	4.69	5.17	22.39	16.87	15.34	6.83	12.47	91	76	109	42	91
Buoy B3	6.94	8.22	7.25	2.74	5.26	21.80	20.00	16.90	5.40	13.40	83	71	107	43	80
CCMP	5.33	6.94	4.56	2.09	4.21	15.52	13.25	7.00	3.59	9.82	91	73	121	45	91
ERAI	5.16	6.81	4.16	1.23	3.98	13.91	12.25	7.65	2.12	9.45	91	76	85	45	82
ERA5	6.37	8.06	6.75	2.44	4.83	19.68	18.11	14.94	5.00	11.41	83	68	110	41	82
CFSv2	7.48	8.39	6.54	2.49	5.17	24.04	20.01	15.98	4.79	13.23	80	74	111	45	90
Buoy B4	NaN	NaN	12.96	3.03	5.56	NaN	NaN	19.20	5.60	13.80	NaN	NaN	81	40	82
CCMP	5.54	5.74	7.30	2.45	4.56	15.29	11.31	11.13	4.80	11.32	79	73	43	45	85
ERAI	5.72	5.70	6.92	1.52	4.37	15.43	11.61	10.57	2.55	10.62	82	61	82	42	85
ERA5	5.80	6.14	10.46	3.07	5.06	15.32	13.11	16.58	6.50	11.61	78	67	80	41	80
CFSv2	6.89	6.65	10.78	2.74	5.75	20.22	17.97	19.33	6.18	14.15	80	70	105	45	85
Buoy B5	6.42	8.59	6.53	3.84	6.00	16.80	17.00	10.30	6.20	13.80	81	76	74	18	94
CCMP	6.10	8.60	6.78	4.11	5.48	13.83	16.30	8.81	5.13	11.56	91	73	25	21	97
ERAI	5.54	7.91	4.64	1.90	6.10	14.00	11.15	6.69	3.77	11.29	88	76	31	39	85
ERA5	6.60	8.50	7.07	4.52	5.70	16.38	14.52	10.04	7.16	12.47	82	58	72	40	90
CFSv2	7.35	8.36	7.71	4.99	5.53	21.72	14.59	11.20	7.58	12.92	83	73	69	18	87
Note: CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. NaN indicates data unavailability.

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Table 4. Statistical parameters for RMSE, r², BIAS, SI and fitting coefficients (b and c) of wind speed at 10 m height (U10) based on four wind data and buoy observations during entire period, tropical cyclone (TC)-only period, and TC-free period

		Entire period						TC-only period						TC-free period
		RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c	RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c	RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c
Buoy B1	CCMP	0.49	0.88	0.68	0.09	0.68	0.83	0.48	0.88	0.62	0.09	0.71	0.84	0.50	0.88	0.71	0.09	0.64	0.83
	ERAI	0.68	0.73	0.99	0.12	0.55	0.76	0.66	0.75	1.12	0.12	0.60	0.74	0.71	0.71	0.91	0.12	0.48	0.77
	ERA5	0.49	0.87	0.46	0.09	0.76	0.88	0.46	0.89	0.39	0.08	0.78	0.89	0.53	0.85	0.50	0.08	0.75	0.88
	CFSv2	0.55	0.83	0.19	0.10	0.71	0.91	0.52	0.85	−0.27	0.09	0.73	0.96	0.56	0.83	0.47	0.10	0.68	0.87
Buoy B2	CCMP	0.60	0.81	0.82	0.11	0.58	0.78	0.66	0.76	0.95	0.11	0.52	0.72	0.45	0.90	0.74	0.12	0.72	0.84
	ERAI	0.74	0.67	0.97	0.13	0.47	0.73	0.77	0.64	1.27	0.13	0.43	0.65	0.67	0.75	0.79	0.15	0.59	0.80
	ERA5	0.55	0.83	0.43	0.10	0.69	0.86	0.58	0.82	0.26	0.10	0.65	0.84	0.51	0.86	0.53	0.11	0.75	0.87
	CFSv2	0.69	0.74	0.26	0.12	0.63	0.86	0.71	0.71	0.02	0.12	0.61	0.85	0.62	0.78	0.40	0.14	0.66	0.88
Buoy B3	CCMP	0.53	0.87	1.28	0.09	0.60	0.72	0.56	0.84	1.57	0.09	0.57	0.69	0.47	0.90	1.10	0.11	0.66	0.76
	ERAI	0.65	0.76	1.61	0.12	0.52	0.66	0.65	0.76	1.89	0.10	0.53	0.65	0.68	0.73	1.44	0.13	0.47	0.67
	ERA5	0.37	0.93	0.39	0.07	0.83	0.90	0.33	0.94	0.43	0.05	0.87	0.91	0.44	0.90	0.37	0.07	0.76	0.89
	CFSv2	0.49	0.88	0.17	0.09	0.86	0.94	0.48	0.89	0.07	0.08	0.92	0.97	0.51	0.86	0.23	0.10	0.69	0.90
Buoy B4	CCMP	0.62	0.80	0.86	0.12	0.52	0.74	0.61	0.83	2.12	0.09	0.49	0.62	0.61	0.80	0.39	0.14	0.70	0.87
	ERAI	0.65	0.78	1.09	0.13	0.48	0.69	0.61	0.82	2.36	0.09	0.48	0.59	0.71	0.71	0.62	0.14	0.54	0.80
	ERA5	0.43	0.91	−0.08	0.08	0.74	0.93	0.32	0.96	0.59	0.05	0.79	0.87	0.64	0.77	−0.34	0.07	0.67	1.00
	CFSv2	0.50	0.86	−0.48	0.10	0.76	0.99	0.45	0.89	0.15	0.06	0.80	0.91	0.65	0.77	−0.72	0.10	0.69	1.07
Buoy B5	CCMP	0.42	0.91	0.21	0.08	0.79	0.92	0.44	0.90	0.06	0.07	0.77	0.94	0.42	0.91	0.29	0.09	0.76	0.91
	ERAI	0.64	0.76	0.57	0.12	0.59	0.83	0.64	0.77	0.92	0.10	0.61	0.80	0.68	0.73	0.37	0.13	0.56	0.86
	ERA5	0.42	0.91	−0.18	0.08	0.82	0.99	0.41	0.91	−0.21	0.06	0.80	0.98	0.47	0.88	−0.17	0.08	0.80	1.00
	CFSv2	0.54	0.85	−0.20	0.10	0.85	1.00	0.56	0.84	−0.52	0.09	0.84	1.02	0.54	0.85	−0.01	0.11	0.79	0.97
Note: RMSE: root mean square error; r²: correlation coefficient; SI: scatter index; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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Table 5. The average value of significant wave height (H_s) (mean H_s), maximum value of H_s from wave hindcasts, and the corresponding time when reaching the maximum values during tropical cyclones for buoy observations and four wind data

	Mean H_s/m					Maximum H_s/m					Occurence of maximum H_s/h
	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri	Hato	Pakhar	Mawar	Guchol	Doksuri
Buoy B1	1.05	1.60	0.70	0.60	1.39	3.20	3.10	1.00	0.80	3.50	94	70	60	1	113
CCMP	0.92	1.22	0.77	0.67	1.31	2.32	1.95	0.97	0.79	2.87	93	91	117	1	100
ERAI	0.84	1.21	0.74	0.61	1.27	1.67	1.88	0.87	0.75	2.54	97	68	75	1	110
ERA5	1.07	1.35	0.90	0.72	1.43	2.72	2.58	1.22	0.78	3.30	90	70	71	1	105
CFSv2	1.27	1.47	0.99	0.86	1.49	3.74	2.80	1.56	1.03	3.54	88	71	121	27	102
Buoy B2	1.44	1.96	1.03	0.64	1.36	8.50	5.40	1.80	0.90	3.00	87	69	82	3	99
CCMP	1.01	1.46	0.89	0.65	1.23	2.98	2.93	1.12	0.74	2.61	86	83	59	1	98
ERAI	0.96	1.36	0.86	0.60	1.22	2.34	2.29	1.05	0.72	2.34	86	65	70	1	87
ERA5	1.27	1.62	1.09	0.68	1.39	4.21	3.49	1.63	0.74	2.86	84	68	74	1	103
CFSv2	1.43	1.78	1.19	0.81	1.47	4.97	4.04	2.04	0.95	3.16	83	68	109	42	102
Buoy B3	1.47	2.13	1.85	0.61	1.22	6.10	6.00	2.90	0.80	2.60	82	70	106	36	121
CCMP	1.19	1.65	1.07	0.70	1.16	3.47	3.55	1.37	0.74	2.34	81	79	70	1	88
ERAI	1.27	1.42	1.07	0.65	1.15	3.36	2.61	1.43	0.71	2.31	82	64	87	1	84
ERA5	1.51	1.95	1.61	0.75	1.33	5.00	5.00	2.71	0.84	2.65	83	69	110	42	82
CFSv2	1.79	2.13	1.70	0.76	1.47	6.66	5.70	2.94	0.84	3.07	81	68	113	42	91
Buoy B4	NaN	NaN	2.86	0.65	1.25	NaN	NaN	3.90	1.10	2.90	NaN	NaN	99	36	128
CCMP	1.24	1.38	1.25	0.64	1.02	3.64	2.68	1.77	0.67	2.16	80	80	44	24	86
ERAI	1.29	1.20	1.15	0.56	1.02	3.65	2.32	1.55	0.58	2.08	81	64	83	29	83
ERA5	1.38	1.53	2.04	0.71	1.16	3.82	3.09	3.14	0.84	2.28	80	67	82	42	81
CFSv2	1.62	1.78	2.14	0.70	1.33	5.07	4.70	4.29	0.79	2.75	80	71	106	45	88
Buoy B5	1.60	2.19	1.80	0.81	1.47	4.40	4.20	2.90	0.90	3.50	92	62	82	8	93
CCMP	1.21	1.83	1.34	0.84	1.40	2.77	3.76	1.72	0.90	2.81	91	75	52	1	84
ERAI	1.05	1.35	1.13	0.75	1.44	2.60	2.03	1.40	0.88	2.87	91	78	55	1	82
ERA5	1.48	1.84	1.54	0.93	1.61	3.54	3.31	2.27	1.01	3.23	84	59	73	18	95
CFSv2	1.73	1.94	1.69	0.94	1.69	4.88	3.42	2.47	1.10	3.71	86	59	71	19	96
Note: CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. NaN indicates data unavailability.

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Table 6. Statistical parameters of RMSE, r², BIAS, SI and fitting coefficients (b and c) for H_s obtained from four wind data and buoy observations during entire period, tropical cyclone (TC)-only period, and TC-free period

		Entire period						TC-only period						TC-free period
		RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c	RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c	RMSE	r²	BIAS	SI	b	c
Buoy B1	CCMP	0.43	0.92	0.09	0.45	0.69	0.85	0.39	0.94	0.08	0.35	0.72	0.86	0.52	0.89	0.09	0.44	0.57	0.83
	ERAI	0.55	0.86	0.12	0.58	0.57	0.79	0.48	0.91	0.13	0.44	0.61	0.80	0.70	0.73	0.12	0.54	0.44	0.78
	ERA5	0.39	0.92	−0.03	0.41	0.77	0.96	0.36	0.93	−0.04	0.33	0.80	0.96	0.46	0.90	−0.03	0.41	0.66	0.95
	CFSv2	0.43	0.90	−0.07	0.45	0.86	1.02	0.38	0.93	−0.16	0.35	0.91	1.07	0.48	0.88	−0.03	0.43	0.68	0.96
Buoy B2	CCMP	0.53	0.89	0.17	0.50	0.55	0.74	0.55	0.89	0.27	0.40	0.53	0.70	0.54	0.86	0.12	0.60	0.58	0.81
	ERAI	0.63	0.82	0.19	0.60	0.46	0.69	0.63	0.86	0.32	0.46	0.43	0.64	0.72	0.69	0.13	0.69	0.49	0.78
	ERA5	0.43	0.92	0.04	0.41	0.68	0.86	0.44	0.92	0.09	0.32	0.67	0.84	0.51	0.88	0.03	0.48	0.63	0.90
	CFSv2	0.45	0.89	0.00	0.43	0.77	0.92	0.45	0.89	−0.04	0.33	0.76	0.93	0.53	0.85	0.01	0.49	0.68	0.91
Buoy B3	CCMP	0.53	0.88	0.17	0.48	0.57	0.75	0.56	0.86	0.32	0.36	0.55	0.70	0.52	0.88	0.10	0.61	0.61	0.86
	ERAI	0.60	0.84	0.20	0.55	0.49	0.70	0.60	0.86	0.36	0.39	0.48	0.66	0.77	0.64	0.13	0.65	0.42	0.79
	ERA5	0.30	0.96	−0.02	0.27	0.82	0.95	0.27	0.97	0.02	0.18	0.84	0.93	0.48	0.89	−0.04	0.30	0.67	0.98
	CFSv2	0.35	0.94	−0.08	0.32	0.98	1.04	0.35	0.94	−0.15	0.23	1.01	1.06	0.47	0.88	−0.05	0.39	0.72	0.99
Buoy B4	CCMP	0.66	0.82	0.19	0.67	0.40	0.67	0.73	0.75	0.55	0.47	0.34	0.54	0.46	0.92	0.11	0.84	0.62	0.87
	ERAI	0.71	0.78	0.24	0.72	0.34	0.62	0.73	0.76	0.59	0.47	0.32	0.52	0.72	0.71	0.16	0.85	0.40	0.78
	ERA5	0.34	0.97	0.01	0.35	0.71	0.90	0.31	0.98	0.17	0.20	0.73	0.84	0.45	0.92	−0.03	0.36	0.65	0.99
	CFSv2	0.43	0.91	−0.04	0.44	0.74	0.94	0.49	0.87	0.06	0.32	0.73	0.89	0.43	0.92	−0.06	0.57	0.68	1.02
Buoy B5	CCMP	0.47	0.90	0.13	0.39	0.66	0.83	0.51	0.88	0.27	0.31	0.62	0.78	0.47	0.89	0.06	0.50	0.73	0.91
	ERAI	0.64	0.80	0.21	0.53	0.46	0.72	0.66	0.79	0.45	0.40	0.43	0.66	0.67	0.75	0.10	0.66	0.54	0.84
	ERA5	0.37	0.94	−0.01	0.31	0.75	0.93	0.39	0.93	0.11	0.24	0.73	0.89	0.42	0.91	−0.06	0.39	0.82	1.02
	CFSv2	0.35	0.94	−0.05	0.29	0.91	1.00	0.35	0.94	−0.04	0.21	0.90	1.00	0.48	0.88	−0.05	0.35	0.85	1.01
Note: H_s: significant wave height; RMSE: root mean square error; r²: correlation coefficient; SI: scatter index; CCMP: Cross-Calibrated Multiplatform; ERAI: ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim; ERA5: ECMWF Reanalysis v5; CFSv2: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2.

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