A review on the parasitic isopod genus Notophryxus G. O. Sars, 1883 (Crustacea: Isopoda), and first report of Notophryxus globularis G. O. Sars, 1885 from Lakshadweep Sea (Amini Island)
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Abstract: Isopod crustaceans of the family Dajidae are exclusively marine ectoparasites. The genus Notophryxus
G. O. Sars, 1883 currently includes nine nominal species, which are very rarely reported as the chances for encountering these specimens are unpredictable. Our comprehension of the taxonomy, biology, ecology, and life cycle of species belonging to the Notophryxus genus is notably lacking. All nominal species of Notophryxus genus are reviewed here to obtain a comprehensive and integrative taxonomic understanding of this genus, in an attempt to address the lacunae. This paper also documents the rediscovery of an ectoparasitic isopod from the genus Notophryxus in Indian waters, after 55 years. Adult isopod specimens obtained from the outer reefs of Amini Island in the Lakshadweep archipelago, Southeastern Arabian Sea, display morphological congruence to Notophryxus globularisG. O. Sars, 1885 . The only previous report on this species dates back to 1885 from G.O. Sars' description of N. globularis as an ectoparasite on the euphausiid Thysanoessa gregariaG. O. Sars, 1883 in the North Pacific. This discovery represents a range extension of N. globularis from the North Pacific to the Arabian Sea. Two cryptoniscid larvae and three adult females of N. globularis (with dwarf males) were found attached to four adult mysid specimens of Siriella aequiremis Hansen, 1910. The present study provides an improved diagnosis of N. globularis with the aid of light microscopy images and line drawings which was not given in the originalG. O. Sars, 1885 report. This research also provides a concise description of cryptoniscid larvae from the same sampling location and same host which is most likely to be N. globularis larvae.-
Key words:
- Dajiidae /
- Mysid /
- cryptoniscan larvae /
- Southeastern Arabian Sea /
- Notophryxus
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Figure 1. Map showing the biogeographic distribution of Notophryxus (G. O. Sars, 1883) species, in world oceans (a). Study location at Amini Island from where specimens of Notophryxus globularis, were collected (b).
Figure 2. Notophryxus globularis: a. cyrptoniscid larvae, habitus, dorsal; b. adult male, habitus, lateral; c. immature female, habitus, ventral; d. immature female, habitus, lateral; e. adult female, habitus, ventral; f. adult female with attached male, habitus, lateral.
Figure 3. Notophryxus globularis: a. adult female (with a male) attached to the dorsal part of the cephalothorax of the mysid host Siriella aequiremis; b. magnified view of an adult female with attached male, habitus, lateral; c. light microscope image of an adult female, habitus, ventral view; d. SEM image of the same adult female, habitus, ventral; e. SEM image of the ventral portion of a female head (appendages lost due to excessive shrinkage of the specimen during SEM preparation); f. light microscope image of adult male, habitus, lateral; g. SEM image of the adult male, habitus, ventro-lateral view; h. light microscope image cryptoniscus larvae parsimoniously identified as N. globularis, habitus, ventral.
Figure 4. Morphological comparison of adult females of Notophryxus genus: a1, a2. Notophryxus clypeatus G. O. Sars, 1879. a1. adult female, habitus, dorsal; a2. adult female with attached male, habitus, ventral (modified from Brandt, 1993); b1, b2. Notophryxus ovoides (G. O. Sars, 1883 ). b1. ovigerous adult female, habitus, dorsal; b2. ovigerous adult female, habitus, ventral (modified from Sars, 1883). c1, c2. Notophryxus globularis G. O. Sars, 1885. c1. adult female with attached male, habitus, lateral; c2. adult female, habitus, ventral (present study); d1, d2. Notophryxus lateralis G. O. Sars, 1885. d1. adult female, habitus, dorso-lateral; d2. female with attached male, habitus, ventral, (modified from Field, 1969); e1, e2. Notophryxus lobatus Pillai, 1964. e1. ovigerous female, habitus, dorsal; e2. ovigerous female, habitus, ventral, (modified from Pillai, 1964); f1, f2. Notophryxus lobus Schultz, 1977. f1. gravid female, habitus, dorsal; f2. adult female, habitus, ventral, (modified from Schultz, 1977); g1, g2. Notophryxus ovalis Schultz, 1978. g1. gravid female, habitus, ventral; g2. gravid female, habitus, dorsal (modified from Schultz, 1978); h1, h2. Notophryxus ocellatus Shimomura and Ohtsuka, 2011. h1. adult female, habitus, dorsal; h2. adult female, habitus, ventral, (modified from Shimomura and Ohtsuka, 2011).
Figure 5. Morphological comparison of males of Notophryxus genus: a. Notophryxus ovoides G. O. Sars, 1883 Adult male, habitus, dorsal (modified from G. O. Sars, 1883); b. Notophryxus globularis G. O. Sars, 1885 Adult male, habitus, lateral (present study); c. Notophryxus lateralis G. O. Sars, 1885 Adult male, habitus, dorsal (modified from Field, 1969); d. Notophryxus longicaudatus Vanhöffen, 1914, Adult male, habitus, lateral (modified from Vanhöffen, 1914); e. Notophryxus lobatus Pillai, 1964, Adult male, habitus, lateral (modified from Pillai, 1964); f. Notophryxus lobus Schultz, 1977 unmetamorphosed male, habitus, dorsal (modified from Schultz, 1977); g. Notophryxus ocellatus Shimomura and Ohtsuka, 2011 Adult male, habitus, lateral (modified from Shimomura and Ohtsuka, 2011).
Table 1. Dajidae isopods reported from the Arabian Sea, parasitizing euphausiids and mysids
Dajidae species Host species Sampling location Site of attachment to the host References Branchiophryxus koehleri Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1931 Stylocheiron
carinatum G. O. Sars, 1883, Stylocheiron affineHansen, 1910 (euphausiids)Arabian Sea Posterior branchia Sebastian (1970) Heterophryxus appendiculatus
G. O. Sars, 1885Euphausia sibogae Hansen, 1908
(euphausiid)Arabian Sea Dorsal hind end of the carapace Sebastian (1970) Dajus afromysidis
Pillai, 1964Afromysis macropsis W. Tattersall, 1922 (mysid) Inshore waters of the Kerala coast (Trivandrum) Brood pouch Pillai (1964) Prodajus gastrosacci
Pillai, 1964Eurobowmaniella muticus W. Tattersall, 1915 (mysid) Inshore waters of the Kerala
coast (Trivandrum)Brood pouch Pillai (1964) Prodajus ovatus
Pillai, 1964Eurobowmaniella muticus W. Tattersall, 1915 (mysid) Inshore waters of the Kerala
coast (Trivandrum)Brood pouch Pillai (1964) Notophryxus lobatus Pillai, 1964 Rhopalophthalmus tattersallae
O. Tattersall, 1957 (mysid)Inshore waters of the Kerala
coast (Trivandrum)Ventral surface of the abdomen Pillai (1964) Notophryxus globularis
G. O. Sars, 1885Siriella aequiremis Hansen, 1911 (mysid) Lakshadweep, Southeastern Arabian Sea Postero-dorsal part of the carapace Present study 
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Table 2. Morphological diagnostic characters of adult females of Notophryxus genus. Notophryxus longicaudatus female is so far undescribed; * indicates N. globularis from the present study; n.d means not described
Morphological
characteristics of
adult femaleAntennae;
AntenuleBody
segmentationDistinct
cephalon;
cephalon’s
anterior marginNo. of
PereopodsOverall shape
and symmetry.Host Attachment site
on the hostFemale head orientation
in relation to the hostPleomere; pleopod; pleotelson; uropod Eyes Body length N. ovoides
G. O. Sars, 1883Antennae-2 pairs Slightly
indicated s
egmentationYes;Rounded
truncated5 pairs Ovoid;
symmetricAmbylops
abbreviataDorsal part of
abdomenFemale’s head pointed
to its host’s anterior endn.d Absent 3.5 mm N. ovalis
Schultz, 1978n.d n.d Yes; obovate Not visible Ovoid n.d n.d n.d Absent n.d 2.5–2.6 mm N, ocellatus
Shimomura &
Ohtsuka, 2011Antennae-2 pairs Slightly
indicated
segmentationYes; Rounded 5 pairs Elongate ovate Rhopalophthalmus
orientalisVentral thoracic
gills/appendagesFemale’s head pointed
to its host’s anterior end3 pleomeres; pleopod- 2 pairs; pleotelson present 1 pair- small eyes 1.4–2.1 mm N. lobus
Schultz, 1977nd Slightly
indicated
segmentationYes; Rounded 3 pairs Lobular shape n.d n.d n.d Absent n.d 1.9–2.6 mm N. lobatus
Pillai, 1964Antennae-1 pair No
segmentationYes; Sub-
truncated5 pairs Elongate ovate Rhopalophthalmus
tattersallaeVentral abdomen n.d 4 pleons, 3rd pleon- 1 pleopod; 4rth pleon -1 uropod Absent 1.5 mm N. lateralis
G. O.Sars, 1885n.d Slightly
indicated
segmentationYes; Subtruncated 5 pairs Sac like body Hansarsiamegalops,
Hansarsia difficilisThoracic legs/
penultimate gillFemale’s head pointed to
its host's posterior endn.d Absent 2 mm N. globularis
G. O.Sars, 1885n.d (Antennae-2 pairs*) Slightly indicated
segmentation
( 3 incomplete
segments*)Yes; Rounded-
truncated
(Rounded
truncated*)5 pairs
(5 pairs*)Ovoid; n.d
(Ovoid;
Symmetrical*)Thysanoessa gregaria; (Siriella aequiremis*) Posterior part of
dorsal carapace;
(Same*)Female’s head pointed
towards host’s posterior
end; (Same*)n.d (Pleopod absent*) n.d (Eyes absent*) n.d (1.5 mm*) N. clypeatus
G. O.Sars, 1883Antennae-2 pairs; antennule-1 pair 3 or 4 segments Yes; Rounded 5 pairs Oblong –ovate;
symmetricalPseudomma
roseum; Pseudomma
truncatumDorsal
cephalothoraxn.d Pleonites fused with broad and long pleotelson Absent 3–5 mm
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Table 3. Morphologocal diagnostic characters of adult males of Notophryxus genus
Morphological
characteristics of
adult maleNumber of pereomere Distinct head Number of pereopods Pleon; Pleotelson; Uropod Attachment to the adult female Antennae Dorsal ridges Body length Notophryxus ovoides
G. O. Sars, 18836 Yes 6 pairs Pleotelson with no uropod n.d 2 pairs n.d Absent Notophryxus ocellatus
Shimomura & Ohtsuka, 2011The male contained in the marsupium of one female was cryptoniscid in form with an oral sucker 0.75 mm Notophryxus longicaudatus
Vanhöffen, 19147 Yes 7 pairs Pleotelson without distinct structures; Long style like uropoda Ventral abdominal concavity of female 2 pairs of filiform antennae n.d n.d Notophryxus lobus
Schultz, 19777 Yes Yes; Rounded Lobular shape n.d n.d n.d n.d Notophryxus lobatus
Pillai, 19647 Yes 7 pairs Pleon-6 segmented; Pleopod and uropod absent. Attached to the posterior end of the female’s ventral groove 1 pair of antennae Cephalon without dorsal ridge; pereomeres 1−7 and pleomeres 1–2 each with a single transverse dorsal ridges 1 mm Notophryxus lateralis
G. O. Sars, 18856 Yes n.d n.d Male attached laterally, at the posterio-ventral side of the ventral groove Present Absent 0.5 mm Notophryxus
globularis
G. O. Sars,18856* Yes* 6 pairs* Single segmented pleon without appendages; pleotelson with a pair of uropod* Attached longitudinally to the posterior region of the ventral groove* 1 pair of antennae* Cephalon without dorsal ridge; Pereon 1–6 each with a single transverse dorsal ridge; Pleon with a single dorsal ridge* 0.5 mm* Notophryxus clypeatus
G. O. Sars,18837 Yes 7 pairs Pleotelson without distinct structures; Uropod absent Ventral abdominal cavity of female 2 pairs of filiform antennae Absent n.d Note: Males of N. ovalis Schultz, 1978 and N. globularis G. O. Sars, 1885 are so far undescribed; * indicates the description of N. globularis male from the Arabian Sea; n.d means not described.
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