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Abstract: During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019, the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy, which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea. The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea, Chukchi Abyssal Plain, Mendeleev Ridge, Makarov Basin, and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d. After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge, it continued to drift toward the pole. Overall, the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current, as well as the inertial flow, cross-ridge surface flow, and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals. The results showed that: (1) the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain, Mendeleev Ridge, and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high, and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s; (2) the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s, and while this current moves westward along the continental slope, it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea; and (3) when sea ice concentration was less than 50%, the inertial flow was more significant (the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s, and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).
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Figure 1. Drift trajectories of buoys. The red line is the trajectories of drifting buoys deployed by CHINARE, and the blue lines are the trajectories of 7 ice buoys deployed by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany. The rose dots represent the starting points of the buoys’ trajectories.
Figure 2. Percentage statistics of 1-hour velocity and residual velocity in cm/s with an interval of 5 cm/s.
Figure 3. Drift buoy trajectory in the third section (a) and the fifth section (b). The red dots represent the starting and ending points of the buoys’ trajectories, respectively.
Figure 4. Drift buoy trajectory in the sixth section (a) and the eighth section (b). The red dots represent the starting and ending points of the buoys’ trajectories, respectively.
Figure 5. Drift buoy trajectory in the first section. The red dots represent the starting and ending points of the buoy’s trajectory, respectively.
Figure 6. Drift buoy trajectory in two ten-day periods: 2019.09.21–2019.09.30 (a) and 2020.11.20–2020.11.29 (b).
Figure 7. Drift buoy trajectory in the second section (a) and the seventh section (b). The red dots represent the starting and ending points of the buoys’ trajectories, respectively.
Figure 9. Diagram of ER5 wind speed and direction at point (75.50°N, 174.74°W) (up), velocity and flow direction in the second period (down).
Figure 10. Partial track of the drifting buoy (June 18, 2020–September 24, 2020). The red dots represent the starting and ending points of the buoy’s trajectory, respectively.
Figure 11. Diagram of ER5 wind speed and direction at point (79.5°N,178°W) (up), velocity and flow direction in the fourth section (down).
Table 1. Division of sections, median values and maximum values of drift residual speed for different sections of the drifting buoy
Section
No.Duration Starting position End position Drift residual speed/(cm · s−1) Figure
No.Main characteristic Median
valueMaximum
value001 Sept. 2–Sept. 30, 2019 74.69°N, 168.99°W 75.87°N, 174.97°W 12.71 32.78 5, 6 inertial flow 002 Oct. 1, 2019–Feb. 19, 2020 75.87°N, 174.95°W 76.33°N, 175.89°W 12.62 50.38 6 disorganized surface flow 003 Feb. 19, 2020–Jun. 18, 2020 76.33°N, 175.89°W 79.86°N, 170.20°W 8.79 28.45 3 transpolar drift 004 Jun. 18–Sept. 24, 2020 79.86°N, 170.20°W 79.41°N, 179.89°E 12.02 39.09 10 surface cross-ridge flow 005 Sept. 24–Nov. 11, 2020 79.41°N, 179.89°E 81.70°N, 178.31°E 12.81 31.92 3 transpolar drift 006 Nov. 20–Dec. 31, 2020 81.41°N, 174.76°W 82.15°N, 173.42°W 10.49 35.83 4, 6 transpolar drift; inertial flow 007 Jan. 6–Mar. 10, 2021 82.06°N, 171.21°W 82.75°N, 177.47°W 10.44 46.83 7 disorganized surface flow 008 Mar. 10–Jun. 9, 2021 82.75°N, 177.47°W 86.32°N, 150.85°W 8.88 30.63 4 transpolar drift 
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Table 2. Percentage statistics of 1-hour velocity and residual velocity in cm/s with an interval of 5 cm/s
Velocity type Percentage (0 cm/s,
5 cm/s](5 cm/s,
10 cm/s](10 cm/s,
15 cm/s](15 cm/s,
20 cm/s](20 cm/s,
25 cm/s](25 cm/s,
30 cm/s](30 cm/s,
35 cm/s](35 cm/s,
40 cm/s](>40 cm/s) 1-hour velocity 19.0% 28.2% 21.0% 13.0% 8.8% 5.0% 2.6% 1.1% 1.3% Residual velocity 21.2% 32.0% 22.6% 12.1% 6.6% 3.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.4%
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Table 3. Average northward velocity of transpolar drift in each period
Section No. Month range Zonal range Average northward velocity/(cm·s−1) 003 Feb.−Jun. 76.33°−79.86°N 3.5 005 Sept.−Nov. 79.41°−81.70°N 6.6 006 Nov.−Dec. 81.41°−82.15°N 3.8 008 Mar.−Jun. 82.75°−86.32°N 4.9
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Table 4. Average northward velocity (80°−85°N) in each latitude calculated from 7 ice buoys records deployed during TICE expedition
Buoy No. Start latitude Average northward velocity/(cm·s−1) 2018S75 80.50°N 4.4 2018S76 80.70°N 4.3 2018T35 80.50°N 4.3 2018T46 80.44°N 4.7 2018T52 80.78°N 5.0 2018T54 79.66°N 5.0 2018T55 80.75°N 5.8
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