Vertical microbial profiling of water column reveals prokaryotic communities and distribution features of Antarctic Peninsula
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Abstract: Prokaryotic diversity and community composition in the water column of eight stations (63 samples) around the Antarctic Peninsula of the Southern Ocean were investigated. Through pyrosequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we characterized 4 720 089 valid reads representing 48 188 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% similarity). The community was dominated by the phyla Pseudomonadota (original name: Proteobacteria, 47%), Oxyphotobacteria (26%), and Bacteroidota (original name: Bacteroidetes, 18%), which comprised an average of 91% of the total OTUs in all samples. The prokaryotic community composition varied vertically within the water column. Water column prokaryotic communities exhibited a clear depth profile, with higher microbial richness and higher diversity observed with increasing water depth. Cluster analysis of the community composition of water column samples exhibited a similar trend with depth. Correlation with environmental factors suggested distinct variation in prokaryotic community composition with changes in depth, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen levels. Functional prediction showed presence of active nitrogen, sulphur and methane metabolic cycles along the vertical transect of the studied region. These results will improve our knowledge of prokaryotic diversity and community composition at different depth of water column for better understanding of the microbial ecology and nutrient cycles in Antarctic Peninsula region of the Southern Ocean.
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Key words:
- prokaryotic diversity /
- 16S rRNA /
- high-throughput sequencing (HTS) /
- Southern Ocean
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Figure 2. Scatterplot of sequencing and environmental parameters including (from left to right): operation taxonomic unit (OTUs) (97%), temperature, salinity, and concentrations of oxygen, chlorophyll a, and total organic carbon.
Figure 3. Taxonomic distribution indicating dominant bacterial communities at phylum (a), class (b), and genus levels (c).
Figure 4. Clustering of water column communities of different depths by weighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean.
Figure 5. PCoA of prokaryotic community compositions based on unweighted UniFrac distance.
Figure 6. Identification of the distinct bacterial taxa from different stations using Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Only bacterial taxa with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) values greater than 4 are displayed in this cladogram.
Figure 7. Correspondence analysis diagram illustrating the relationships between the OTU-level community structures of different sampling sites. PCNM (principalcoordinates of neighbour matrices)
Table 1. Sample sites description
No. Station Date (UTC) Time (UTC) Latitude Longitude Depth/m 1 SR0107 2018-01-02 17:42 59°57.588' S 62°18.739'W 3 237 2 DA03 2018-01-04 9:58 60°42.002'S 53°0.073'W 456 3 D305 2018-01-09 10:11 59°0.040'S 49°36.002'W 3 922 4 D311 2018-01-10 16:35 62°0.114'S 48°23.971'W 3 266 5 D506 2018-01-20 8:01 59°29.968'S 42°30.116'W 3 001 6 D510 2018-01-21 19:34 61°17.989'S 42°29.975'W 520 7 DZ04 2018-01-29 1:35 60°40.884'S 48°56.869'W 1 147 8 HS0A 2018-02-01 17:22 62°25.914'S 58°24.620'W 1 052 
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Table 2. Total sequencing information
Station ID Raw_reads Clean_reads Average length/nt Unique_tag operation taxonomic unit DZ04 85 925.29 80 431.86 371.28 17 794.43 746.71 D506 81 482.22 76 914.56 370.88 22 243.22 785.66 DA03 87 184.57 76 857.00 370.71 20 270.71 888.42 D510 79 533.43 74 742.14 371.57 23 185.29 714.14 HSA 74 749.29 59 261.86 371.14 18 102.29 550.28 SR0107 80 856.36 77 193.55 370.72 22 337.00 913.54 D311 78 915.67 74 208.17 371.50 21 128.17 682.66 D305 80 973.11 77 158.89 370.66 25 446.78 741.66
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Table 3. Biodiversity and richness indices of different depth water column samples
Number Depth/m Observed species Shannon Simpson Chao1 ACE Good’s coverage Vertical.1 0 408.37 5.36 0.94 537.09 537.74 0.99 Vertical.2 30 416.50 5.53 0.94 528.94 540.14 0.99 Vertical.3 75 534.75 5.91 0.95 648.74 662.71 0.99 Vertical.4 100 632.25 6.13 0.95 793.81 787.07 0.99 Vertical.5 200 769.83 6.22 0.94 962.32 982.97 0.99 Vertical.6 500 849.42 6.57 0.95 1 040.85 1 051.24 0.99 Vertical.7 1 000 874.00 6.62 0.96 1 074.29 1 078.05 0.99 Vertical.8 ≥2 000 875.00 6.49 0.96 1 092.54 1 095.79 0.99
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