Geochemical speciation and spatial distributions of phosphorus in surface sediments from the basin of the Marcus-Wake seamounts in the western Pacific Ocean
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Abstract: The concentrations of five forms of phosphorus (P) including exchangeable or loosely adsorbed P (Ex-P), Fe-bound P (Fe-P), authigenic P (Auth-P), detrital P (Det-P), and organic P (Org-P) from the basin among the Marcus-Wake seamounts (19.4°–24°N, 156.5°–161.5°E) in the western Pacific Ocean were quantified using a sequential extraction method (SEDEX) to investigate the distribution and sources of different P species. Concentrations of total P (TP) varied from 14.0 μmol/g to 44.1 μmol/g, with an average of (32.4±7.7) μmol/g. Inorganic phosphorus, which was the major chemical form of sedimentary P, ranged from 12.6 μmol/g to 40.6 μmol/g, while the concentration of Org-P varied between 1.38 μmol/g and 5.18 μmol/g, accounting for 83.4%–93.4% and 6.6%–16.6% of the TP, respectively. The relative proportions of the five P species followed the order of Det-P>Auth-P>Org-P>Fe-P>Ex-P. On average, Det-P was the major P sink resulted from the atmospheric input and accounted for approximately 58.9%±12.4% of the TP. Auth-P and Org-P comprised 22.8%±11.4% and 11.5%±3.0% of the TP, respectively, while Fe-P accounted for 5.1%±2.6%. Lastly, Ex-P comprised 1.6%±0.3% of the TP. Org-P exhibited a negative correlation with Fe-P and Auth-P, while Fe-P showed a positive correlation with Auth-P. This indicated that the formation of Fe-P and Auth-P was at the expense of the regeneration or remineralization of Org-P during early diagenesis. High concentrations of Det-P and Auth-P as well as a low ratio of total organic C to reactive P (TOC/Rea-P) suggested that the aeolian input may play a significant role in sedimentary P budget in the study area. Additionally, well-oxygenated bottom water and low sedimentation rate could be responsible for the low TOC/Org-P ratio in the sediment.
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Key words:
- phosphorus speciation /
- SEDEX /
- sediments /
- western Pacific Ocean
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Figure 1. Potential atmospheric P sources and sampling locations in the western Pacific Ocean. The white arrows show the combined effects of Asian winter monsoon and westerly jet stream (modified based on Miyazaki et al. (2016)). The yellow lines highlight the spreading of the Antarctic Bottom Water (Emery, 2001; Kawabe and Fujio, 2010).
Figure 2. Spatial distributions of different dried sedimentary P phrases, including total phosphorus (a), exchangeable or adsorbed P (b), reactive Fe-bound P (c), authigenic P (d), detrital P (e) and organic P (f), in the Marcus-Wake seamounts. The gray contours are isobaths (unit: m).
Figure 4. Variations in the concentration and speciation of five P phases in the Pacific Ocean based on our data and other studies (data from A. Fang et al. (2007); B. Yang et al. (2018); C. Filippelli (2001); D. Ni et al. (2015); E. ODP 130, and F. ODP 138 from Filippelli and Delaney (1996)).
Figure 5. Concentrations of organic P (Org-P) versus authigenic P (Auth-P) (a), Fe-bound (Fe-P) (b), the sum of Auth-P and Fe-P (c), and concentrations of Auth-P versus Fe-P (d).
Figure 6. The content of TOC versus organic P (Org-P) concentration (a), and molar TOC : Rea-P ratios (b) in the basin of the Marcus-Wake seamounts.
Table 1. Sampling locations, water depths, and P concentrations (µmol/g) of total phosphorus (TP), total inorganic P (TIP), and total organic P (TOP) in dried sediment
Station Latitude Longitude Depth/m TP/(μmol·g−1) TIP/(μmol·g−1) TOP/(μmol·g−1) BC1601 19.80°N 158.54°E 5 648 43.3 40.1 3.18 BC1602 19.94°N 159.46°E 5 502 42.8 40.0 2.81 BC1603a 20.43°N 156.97°E 5 094 34.2 31.5 2.72 BC1604 20.43°N 157.20°E 5 467 14.0 12.6 1.38 BC1605 20.83°N 158.94°E 5 574 19.9 17.4 2.52 BC1606 20.39°N 158.47°E 5 574 37.5 34.2 3.23 BC1607 20.46°N 160.40°E 5 123 37.9 34.6 3.26 BC1608 20.24°N 160.34°E 4 934 44.1 40.6 3.52 BC1609 20.71°N 160.08°E 5 645 33.8 30.3 3.49 BC1610 20.93°N 160.85°E 4 993 37.3 32.7 4.61 BC1611 21.12°N 159.18°E 5 640 29.7 26.1 3.59 BC1612a 21.69°N 158.30°E 5 149 37.1 33.1 3.92 BC1613 22.15°N 158.98°E 5 293 31.6 27.1 4.57 BC1614b 21.99°N 159.75°E 5 321 24.1 20.8 3.28 BC1615 22.88°N 160.55°E 5 564 25.3 21.7 3.59 BC1616 22.52°N 161.13°E 5 052 29.2 24.9 4.31 BC1617 23.18°N 161.09°E 5 371 29.8 26.1 3.67 BC1618 23.88°N 160.13°E 5 528 30.3 25.6 4.70 BC1620 22.58°N 158.34°E 5 443 34.1 29.5 4.60 BC1621a 22.22°N 157.03°E 5 310 31.3 26.1 5.18 
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Table 2. Details of the sequential extraction procedure
Step Extraction Target 1 10 mL of 1 mol/L MgCl2 (pH 8), shaking for 4 h exchangeable or loosely adsorbed P (Ex-P) 2 10 mL of BD (0.11 mol/L NaHCO3+0.11 mol/L Na2S2O4, pH 7), shaking for 6 h reactive Fe-bound P (Fe-P) 3 10 mL of HAc/NaAc (pH 4), shaking for 6 h authigenic P (Auth-P) 4 10 mL of 1 mol/L HCl, shaking for 16 h detrital P (Det-P) 5 ashing at 550°C for 2 h, 10 mL of 1 mol/L HCl, shaking for 24 h organic P (Org-P)
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Table 3. Concentrations of different sedimentary P phases including exchangeable or loosely adsorbed P (Ex-P), Fe-bound P (Fe-P), authigenic P (Auth-P), detrital P (Det-P), and organic P (Org-P) (all in μmol/g) and total organic carbon (TOC) (in mass percent, wt.%), as well as molar ratio of TOC : Org-P and TOC : Rea-P in the basin of the Marcus-Wack seamounts
Station Ex-P Fe-P Auth-P Det-P Org-P TOC/% TOC : Org-P TOC : Rea-P BC1601 0.59 2.28 11.26 26.00 3.18 0.32 83.9 15.4 BC1602 0.76 2.26 12.90 24.11 2.81 0.26 77.1 11.6 BC1603a 0.47 2.11 10.45 18.44 2.72 0.31 95.0 16.4 BC1604 0.19 1.31 5.36 5.73 1.38 0.22 132.8 22.2 BC1605 0.50 1.86 5.16 9.87 2.52 0.24 79.4 19.9 BC1606 0.57 2.23 8.53 22.92 3.23 0.27 69.7 15.4 BC1607 0.54 1.94 10.18 21.96 3.26 0.26 66.5 13.6 BC1608 0.69 2.41 12.94 24.54 3.52 0.27 63.9 11.5 BC1609 0.56 2.50 9.31 17.89 3.49 0.25 59.7 13.1 BC1610 0.65 0.74 4.91 26.43 4.61 0.27 48.8 20.6 BC1611 0.51 1.94 6.03 17.66 3.59 0.28 65.0 19.3 BC1612a 0.49 2.41 8.50 21.74 3.92 0.26 55.3 14.1 BC1613 0.66 0.92 3.38 22.10 4.57 0.30 54.7 26.2 BC1614b 0.47 2.13 13.13 5.06 3.28 0.30 76.2 13.2 BC1615 0.47 1.72 3.85 15.67 3.59 0.28 65.0 24.2 BC1616 0.47 0.58 1.74 22.07 4.31 0.27 52.2 31.7 BC1617 0.47 0.97 5.86 18.83 3.67 0.26 59.0 19.7 BC1618 0.47 0.38 2.85 21.93 4.70 0.30 53.2 29.8 BC1620 0.47 0.53 6.36 22.14 4.60 0.29 52.5 20.2 BC1621a 0.47 0.47 2.49 22.68 5.18 0.32 51.5 31.0 Average 0.52 1.58 7.26 19.39 3.61 0.28 68.1 19.5 SD 0.12 0.76 3.68 6.11 0.90 0.03 19.7 6.4
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