Responses of nutrient biogeochemistry and nitrogen cycle to seasonal upwelling in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island
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Abstract: The coastal upwelling has profound influence on the surrounding ecosystem by supplying the nutrient-replete water to the euphotic zone. Nutrient biogeochemistry was investigated in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 and autumn 2016. From perspectives of nutrient dynamics and physical transport, the nutrient fluxes entered the upper 50 m water depth (between the mixed layer and the euphotic zone) arisen from the upwelling were estimated to be 2.5−5.4 mmol/(m2·d), 0.15−0.28 mmol/(m2·d), and 2.2−7.2 mmol/(m2·d) for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi), respectively, which were around 6- to 12-fold those in the background area. The upwelled nutrients supported an additional plankton growth of (14.70±8.95) mg/m2 for chlorophyll a (Chl a). The distributions of nitrate δ15N and δ18O above the 300 m water depth (top of the North Pacific Intermediate Water) were different among the upwelling area, background area in summer, and the stations in autumn, and the difference of environmental and biogeochemical conditions between seasons should be the reason. The higher DIN/DIP concentration ratio, nitrate concentration anomaly, and lower nitrate isotope anomaly (Δ(15, 18)) in the upper ocean in summer than in autumn indicated the stronger nitrogen fixation and atmospheric deposition, and the following fixed nitrogen regeneration in summer. The higher values of Chl a and nitrate δ15N and δ18O within the euphotic zone in autumn than the background area in summer suggested the stronger nitrate assimilation in autumn. The differences in relatively strength of the assimilation, nitrogen fixation and atmospheric deposition, and the following remineralization and nitrification between the two seasons made the higher δ18O:δ15N and larger difference of enzymatic isotope fractionation factors 15ε and 18ε for nitrate assimilation in summer than in autumn above the North Pacific Tropical Water.
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Key words:
- nutrients /
- upwelling /
- nitrate δ15N and δ18O /
- nitrogen cycle /
- South China Sea
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Figure 1. The study area and sampling stations in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 (rhombuses) and autumn 2016 (circles). The biogeochemical sampling stations were colored as blue, and the black ones were only for hydrological sampling. The directions of monsoon (southwest monsoon, SWM; northeast monsoon, NEM) and Guangdong Coastal Current (GCC) during summer and winter were indicated as red and blue arrows, respectively. Four sections in summer and two sections in autumn were marked from northeast to southwest (S1−S4, A1 and A2 colored as red). SCS is the abbreviation of South China Sea; ZJB, Zhanjiang Bay; LP, Leizhou Peninsula; QZS, Qiongzhou Strait; LSB, Lingshui Bay; YLB, Yulin Bay.
Figure 2. Surface distribution of temperature, salinity, potential density anomaly (σ0), and the mixed layer depth (MLD) in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer and autumn (a); 200 m water depth sectional distribution of temperature, salinity, and σ0 in Section S1 in summer and Section A1 in autumn (b).
Figure 3. The temperature–salinity diagram showing isopycnals in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer and autumn (a); the color indicated the water depth. The inside figures with smaller ranges of potential temperature, salinity, and water depth (0–150 m) show the details. Depth profiles for temperature and potential density anomaly (σ0) (b). Dark blue circles were the samples of autumn. Rhombuses were the samples of summer, and green indicated the stations in the nearshore upwelling region and red stood for the offshore background stations. The inside figures were the same as their outside figures only with the water depth above 200 m to show the details. NPTW is the abbreviation of the North Pacific Tropical Water; NPIW, the North Pacific Intermediate Water.
Figure 4. Surface distribution of nutrients, Chl a, and DO concentrations in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer and autumn. Concentration is below the detection limit in the blank area of DIP. We did not get the data of DO in the southern three sections in summer. MChl a: Chl a concentration at the depth of the Chl a maximum layer.
Figure 5. The sectional distribution of biogeochemical parameters in the upper 200 m in Sections S1 in summer and A1 in autumn (a); depth profiles of biogeochemical parameters (b). The shapes and colors distinguished the samples as same as those in Fig. 3b. The inside figures were the same as their outside figures only with the water depth above 200 m to show the details.
Figure 6. Relationships between DIN and DIP as well as DSi and DIN. The shapes and colors distinguished the samples as same as those in Fig. 3b. The solid line was the regression curve for the whole water depth samples, and the dotted line was the regression curve for samples above and below the center of the North Pacific Tropical Water (~150 m). The slope was marked as the k.
Figure 7. Depth profiles for dual-isotopic composition of nitrate (a), Δ(15, 18) and nitrate concentration anomaly (Nʹ) (b).
Figure 8. The relationships between the nitrate δ18O and δ15N (a); and between δ15N, δ18O, and 1-f; δ15N, δ18O, and ln[
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ ] (b). The green and red rhombuses, and blue circles stood for the upwelling and background stations in summer, and all stations in autumn above the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW). The dotted lines and equations were the linear regressions for samples above the NPTW. The rhombuses and circles with cross inside in a were samples below the NPTW. The slopes in b were regarded as the isotope fractionation factor (ε). The f was the fraction of unassimilated nitrate in the water column.Table 1. Water depth weighted nutrient and Chl a concentrations above 50 m of the upwelling region and its background values, and of stations in autumn in coastal area of the eastern Hainan Island
DIN/(µmol·L−1) DIP/(µmol·L−1) DSi/(µmol·L−1) Chl a/(μg·L−1) DON/(µmol·L−1) DOP/(µmol·L−1) Upwelling average 1.59 0.10 3.88 0.39 5.69 0.13 SD 1.65 0.09 1.23 0.18 0.28 0.02 Background average 0.08 0.01 2.56 0.09 5.67 0.11 SD 0.02 0.01 0.54 0.03 0.25 0.02 Autumn average 0.16 0.01 2.35 0.11 5.62 0.19 SD 0.12 0.01 0.33 0.04 0.54 0.01 
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