Parentage determination of black sea bream (<i>Acanthopagrus schlegelii</i>) for stock enhancement: effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

Binbin Shan; Yan Liu; Na Song; Changping Yang; Shengnan Liu; Tianxiang Gao; Dianrong Sun

doi:10.1007/s13131-020-1697-7

doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1697-7

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-11-28
- 录用日期: 2020-06-03
- 网络出版日期: 2021-06-21
- 刊出日期: 2021-06-01

Parentage determination of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) for stock enhancement: effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

Binbin Shan^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Yan Liu^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Na Song⁵,
Changping Yang^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Shengnan Liu^{1, 2, 3},
Tianxiang Gao^{6
, ,},
Dianrong Sun^{1, 2, 3, 4
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, China
2.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
3.
Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
4.
South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
5.
Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
6.
Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China

Funds: The Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province under contract No. 2019B121201001; the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No. 2019YFD0901301; the Fund of China-Vietnam Joint Survey on Fish Stocks in the Common Fishing Zone of the Beibu Gulf; the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science under contract No. 2021SD14; the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund (China-Vietnam Fishery Stock Enhancement and Conservation in Beibu Gulf); the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 320QN358.

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Corresponding author: Tianxiang Gao, gaotx9999@163.com; Dianrong Sun, sundianrong@yeah.net

摘要

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Abstract: The stock enhancement programs for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii have been conducted in China for a few years. However, little information has been reported concerning the effectiveness and genetic effect of black sea bream stock enhancement. In order to detect the contribution of released individuals in Zhujiang River Estuary (ZRE) and Daya Bay (DB), six microsatellite markers were used to identify the hatchery-released individuals. In addition, this pedigree of hatchery populations (broodfish and hatchery-released offspring) was traced to detect the number of effective parents (N_e), the inbreeding coefficient and the decrease of genetic variability in the reproduction. The pedigree reconstruction showed that at least 69 (out of 93) broodfish had offspring. The estimated N_e was 54.8, consequently the inbreeding coefficient was 0.91%. The genetic diversity of hatchery-released offspring was lower than that in that of broodfish (heterozygosity alleles, 0.727–0.774), some alleles (number of alleles, 61–69) and genetic variance were lost during reproduction. It was observed that wild samples had higher levels of genetic diversity compared with hatchery populations as well as recaptured samples in releasing area. A total of 128 hatchery-released black sea bream were identified among 487 recaptured samples in ZRE, while a total of 15 samples were identified among 96 samples in DB. In summary, there was a high survival of released fish. Nevertheless, the results provided evidence to consider a loss of genetic variation in hatchery-released stock and a negative genetic effect of the stock enhancement.
- Acanthopagrus schlegelii /
- stock enhancement effectiveness /
- microsatellite maker /
- genetic effect /
- pedigree of hatchery populations

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Figure 1. The approximate location of sampling localities.

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Figure 2. The distribution of the broodfish’s contribution to offspring.

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Figure 3. The numbers of offspring and body length of breeders.

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Figure 4. Standard length frequency distribution of A. schlegelii.

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Table 1. Information about the releasing

Releasing date (yy/mm/dd)	Releasing site	Releasing number	Body length/mm	Body weight/g
2015/05/22	ZRE	73 000	30.43	0.71
2015/06/29	ZRE	17 000	40.42	2.02
2015/06/29	DB	18 000	40.42	2.02
2015/07/29	DB	5 500	80.78	17.97
Note: ZRE, Zhujiang River Esturay; DB, Daya Bay.

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Table 2. Sample information of A. schlegelii

Recapture time (yy/mm/dd)	Recapture site	Number of total samples	Number of genotyped individuals
2015/08/16–2015/08/24	ZRE	172	96
2015/08/03–2015/08/26	DB	123	96
2015/09/04	ZRE	103	97
2015/10/01	ZRE	203	203
2015/12/01	ZRE	42	42
2016/03	ZRE	28	28
2016/04	ZRE	21	21
Total	–	692	583
Note: ZRE, Zhujiang River Esturay; DB, Daya Bay; –, no data.

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Table 3. Parameters of microsatellite loci in identification of hatchery-released individuals and parentage assignments

		Locus						Mean	Combine NE-PP
		Asca1	Asca3	Asca6	Asca4	Asca16	Asca17	Mean	Combine NE-PP
Parentage assignments	NE-PP	0.577	0.088	0.398	0.251	0.077	0.101	–	0.000 03
Parentage assignments	PIC	0.426	0.867	0.576	0.742	0.878	0.857	0.724	–
Identification of hatchery-released individuals	NE-PP	0.339	0.066	0.251	0.208	0.148	0.079	–	0.000 013
Identification of hatchery-released individuals	PIC	0.639	0.886	0.69	0.775	0.808	0.877	0.779	–
Note: PIC, polymorphic information content; NE-PP, average non-exclusion probability for a candidate parent pair.

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Table 4. The quantity and percentage of released-recaptured A. schlegelii in samples

Recapture date (yy/mm/dd)	Recapture site	Number of genotyped individuals	Number of released-recaptured fish	Rate/%
2015/08/16–2015/08/24	ZRE	96	33	34.4
2015/08/03–2015/08/26	DB	96	15	15.6
2015/09/04	ZRE	97	21	21.6
2015/10/01	ZRE	203	53	26.1
2015/12/01	ZRE	42	11	26.2
2016/03	ZRE	28	6	21.4
2016/04	ZRE	21	4	19.0
Total	–	583	143	24.5

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Table 5. Genetic variability in broodfish, hatchery-released fish, and recaptured fish

	n	A	A_R	H_E	H_o	I	Fis	HWE
Broodfish	93	69	11.108	0.774	0.754	1.882	0.027	NS
Hatchery-released fish	141	61	9.285	0.727	0.758	1.706	–0.046	–
WZRE	359	115	15.119	0.820	0.743	2.139	0.096	–
RZRE	487	115	14.469	0.803	0.740	2.071	0.083	–
WDB	81	59	9.755	0.733	0.787	1.628	–0.117	–
RDB	96	59	9.461	0.724	0.780	1.605	–0.113	–
Note: RZRE, recaptured fish in the Zhujiang River Estuary; WZRE, wild fish in recaptured fish in the Zhujiang River Estuary; RDB, recaptured fish in the Daya Bay; and WDB, wild fish in recaptured fish in the Daya Bay. A, number of alleles; A_R, allele richness; H_E, heterozygosity alleles; I, Shannon index; HWE, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; n, sample size; H_o, observed heterozygosity; Fis, fixation index; NS, P < 0.05; ^*P < 0.05; –, no data.

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Table 6. Estimates of F_ST (below diagonal) and genetic distance (above diagonal) value

	Broodstock	Hatchery-reared fish	WZRE	RZRE	WDB	RDB
Broodstock	–	0.026	0.081	0.061	0.105	0.097
Hatchery-released fish	0.004^*	–	0.097	0.074	0.118	0.108
WZRE	0.025^*	0.034^*	–	0.003	0.138	0.132
RZRE	0.015^*	0.022^*	0.001^*	–	0.120	0.113
WDB	0.039^*	0.049^*	0.041	0.034^*	–	0.002
RDB	0.035^*	0.044^*	0.040^*	0.032^*	–0.005	–
Note: RZRE, recaptured fish in the Zhujiang River Estuary; WZRE, wild fish in recaptured fish in the Zhujiang River Estuary; RDB, recaptured fish in the Daya Bay; and WDB, wild fish in recaptured fish in the Daya Bay. ^*P < 0.05; –, no data.

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doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1697-7

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Parentage determination of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) for stock enhancement: effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

Corresponding author: Tianxiang Gao, gaotx9999@163.com; Dianrong Sun, sundianrong@yeah.net

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