A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface

Jianbo Cui; Yunhua Wang; Yanmin Zhang; Huimin Li; Wenzheng Jiang; Yushi Zhang; Xin Li

doi:10.1007/s13131-022-2144-8

Volume 42 Issue 6

Jun. 2023

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Acta Oceanologica Sinica > 2023 > 42(6): 100-111

Jianbo Cui, Yunhua Wang, Yanmin Zhang, Huimin Li, Wenzheng Jiang, Yushi Zhang, Xin Li. A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2023, 42(6): 100-111. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2144-8

Citation:

Jianbo Cui, Yunhua Wang, Yanmin Zhang, Huimin Li, Wenzheng Jiang, Yushi Zhang, Xin Li. A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2023, 42(6): 100-111. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2144-8

Citation:

PDF( 1429 KB)

A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface

doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2144-8

Jianbo Cui¹,
Yunhua Wang^{1, 2
,
,},
Yanmin Zhang^{1
,
,},
Huimin Li³,
Wenzheng Jiang⁴,
Yushi Zhang⁵,
Xin Li⁵

1.
College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
3.
School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
4.
First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
5.
National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment/China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41976167; the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province ( International Science and Technology Cooperation) under contract No. 2019GHZ023.

More Information

Corresponding author: yunhuawang@ouc.edu.cn; yanminzhang@ouc.edu.cn
Received Date: 2022-04-11
Accepted Date: 2022-12-27

Available Online: 2023-06-26

Publish Date: 2023-06-25

Abstract

Abstract

Within the framework of the two-scale scattering model, the Doppler shift of C-band radar return signals from the nonlinear sea surface are numerically evaluated. As an analytical approximation method, the Bragg resonance scattering method cannot accurately describe the backscattering field from sea surface. Therefore, in the two-scale scattering model, more accurate scattering coefficient (the normalized radar cross section, NRCS) evaluated by the C-band dual-polarized (HH/VV) empirical geophysical model function (CSAR model) is employed to replace the traditional Bragg NRCS to weight the Doppler shift. The numerical results indicate that there are obvious differences between the Doppler shift weighted by the CSAR NRCS and that weighted by the traditional Bragg NRCS. The hydrodynamic modulation of the large-scale waves is one of the important factors that affect the difference between the Doppler shift predicted in upwind and downwind directions. If the relaxation rate in the hydrodynamic modulation is set to be the angular frequency of the dominant water waves, the Doppler shift predicted by the numerical method can fit the results of the empirical model (C-band empirical geophysical model function, CDOP) well at moderate wind speed. Under low wind condition, the comparison shows that the empirical CDOP model appears to overestimate the Doppler shift. In order to facilitate the application, at the end of this paper a semi-empirical CSAR-DOP model, which is a polynomial fitting formula, is developed for evaluating the Doppler shift of C-band signals from time varying sea surface.
- Doppler shift,
- microwave scattering,
- numerical simulation

FullText(HTML)

References(40)

References

Alpers W R, Ross D B, Rufenach C L. 1981. On the detectability of ocean surface waves by real and synthetic aperture radar. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86(C7): 6481–6498. doi: 10.1029/JC086iC07p06481

Apel J R. 1994. An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(C8): 16269–16291. doi: 10.1029/94JC00846

Barrick D E. 1977. Extraction of wave parameters from measured HF radar sea-echo Doppler spectra. Radio Science, 12(3): 415–424. doi: 10.1029/RS012i003p00415

Bass F G, Fuks I, Kalmykov A I, et al. 1968. Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface Part II: scattering from an actual sea surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 16(5): 560–568. doi: 10.1109/TAP.1968.1139244

Caponi E A, Crawford D R, Yuen H C, et al. 1988. Modulation of radar backscatter from the ocean by a variable surface current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(C10): 12249–12263. doi: 10.1029/JC093iC10p12249

Chapron B, Collard F, Ardhuin F. 2005. Direct measurements of ocean surface velocity from space: interpretation and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(C7): C07008

Chen K S, Fung A K, Amar F. 1993. An empirical bispectrum model for sea surface scattering. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 31(4): 830–835. doi: 10.1109/36.239905

Crombie D D. 1955. Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.66Mc./s. Nature, 175(4459): 681–682. doi: 10.1038/175681a0

Elfouhaily T, Chapron B, Katsaros K, et al. 1997. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(C7): 15781–15796. doi: 10.1029/97JC00467

Fuks I M, Voronovich A G. 2002. Radar backscattering from Gerstner’s sea surface wave. Waves in Random Media, 12(3): 321–339. doi: 10.1088/0959-7174/12/3/305

Fung A K. 1994. Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications. Norwood: Artech House

Hasselmann K, Hasselmann S. 1991. On the nonlinear mapping of an ocean wave spectrum into a synthetic aperture radar image spectrum and its inversion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(C6): 10713–10729. doi: 10.1029/91JC00302

Hayslip A R, Johnson J T, Baker G R. 2003. Further numerical studies of backscattering from time-evolving nonlinear sea surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(10): 2287–2293. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2003.814662

Johannessen J A, Kudryavtsev V, Akimov D, et al. 2005. On radar imaging of current features: 2. Mesoscale eddy and current front detection. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(C7): C07017

Johnson J T, Burkholder R J, Toporkov J V, et al. 2009. A numerical study of the retrieval of sea surface height profiles from low grazing angle radar data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47(6): 1641–1650. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2008.2006833

Johnson J T, Toporkov J V, Brown G S. 2001. A numerical study of backscattering from time-evolving sea surfaces: comparison of hydrodynamic models. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(11): 2411–2420. doi: 10.1109/36.964977

Karaev V, Kanevsky M, Meshkov E. 2008. The effect of sea surface slicks on the Doppler spectrum width of a backscattered microwave signal. Sensors, 8(6): 3780–3801. doi: 10.3390/s8063780

Keller W C, Plant W J, Alenzuela G R. 1986. Observation of breaking ocean waves with coherent microwave radar. In: Phillips O M, Hasselmann K, eds. Wave Dynamics and Radio Probing of the Ocean Surface. Boston: Springer, 285–293

Kudryavtsev V, Akimov D, Johannessen J, et al. 2005. On radar imaging of current features: 1. Model and comparison with observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(C7): C07016

Leykin I A, Donelan M A, Mellen R H, et al. 1995. Asymmetry of wind waves studied in a laboratory tank. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2(3): 280–289. doi: 10.5194/npg-2-280-1995

Li Xiaoming, Lehner S. 2014. Algorithm for sea surface wind retrieval from TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52(5): 2928–2939. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2267780

Lindgren G. 2009. Exact asymmetric slope distributions in stochastic Gauss-Lagrange ocean waves. Applied Ocean Research, 31(1): 65–73. doi: 10.1016/j.apor.2009.06.002

Lindgren G, Åberg Sofia. 2009. First order stochastic Lagrange model for asymmetric ocean waves. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic. Engineering, 131(3): 031602

Lipa B. 1978. Inversion of second-order radar echoes from the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(C2): 959–962. doi: 10.1029/JC083iC02p00959

Lyzenga D R. 1986. Numerical simulation of synthetic aperture radar image spectra for ocean waves. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-24(6): 863–872. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.1986.289701

Moiseev A, Johannessen J A, Johnsen H. 2022. Towards retrieving reliable ocean surface currents in the coastal zone from the sentinel-1 Doppler shift observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 127(5): e2021JC018201

Moiseev A, Johnsen H, Johannessen J A, et al. 2020. On removal of sea state contribution to Sentinel-1 Doppler shift for retrieving reliable ocean surface current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 125(9): e2020JC016288

Mouche A, Chapron B. 2015. Global C-Band Envisat, RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 SAR measurements in copolarization and cross-polarization. Journal of Geophysical Research, 120(11): 7195–7207. doi: 10.1002/2015JC011149

Mouche A A, Chapron B, Reul N, et al. 2008. Predicted Doppler shifts induced by ocean surface wave displacements using asymptotic electromagnetic wave scattering theories. Waves in Random and Complex Media, 18(1): 185–196. doi: 10.1080/17455030701564644

Mouche A A, Collard F, Chapron B, et al. 2012. On the use of Doppler shift for sea surface wind retrieval from SAR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 50(7): 2901–2909. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2174998

Shao Weizeng, Zhang Zheng, Li Xiaoming, et al. 2016. Sea surface wind speed retrieval from TerraSAR-X HH polarization data using an improved polarization ratio model. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(11): 4991–4997. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2590475

Tayfun M A. 1986. On narrow-band representation of ocean waves: 1. Theory. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91(C6): 7743–7752. doi: 10.1029/JC091iC06p07743

Toporkov J V, Brown G S. 2000. Numerical simulations of scattering from time-varying, randomly rough surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(4): 1616–1625. doi: 10.1109/36.851961

Verspeek J, Stoffelen A, Verhoef A, et al. 2012. Improved ASCAT wind retrieval using NWP ocean calibration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 50(7): 2488–2494. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2180730

Wang Yunhua, Zhang Yanmin. 2011. Investigation on Doppler shift and bandwidth of backscattered echoes from a composite sea surface. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(3): 1071–1081. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2070071

Wang Yunhua, Zhang Yanmin, Guo Lixin. 2013. Microwave Doppler spectra of sea echoes at high incidence angles: influences of large-scale waves. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 48: 99–113. doi: 10.2528/PIERB12123004

Wang Yunhua, Zhang Yanmin, He Mingxia, et al. 2012. Doppler spectra of microwave scattering fields from nonlinear oceanic surface at moderate- and low-grazing angles. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 50(4): 1104–1116. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2164926

Wang Yunhua, Zhang Yanmin, Li Huimin, et al. 2016. Doppler spectrum of microwave SAR signals from two-dimensional time-varying sea surface. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 30(10): 1265–1276. doi: 10.1080/09205071.2016.1186575

Wright J W, Keller W C. 1971. Doppler spectra in microwave scattering from wind waves. The Physics of Fluids, 14(3): 466–474. doi: 10.1063/1.1693458

Zavorotny V U, Voronovich A G. 1998. Two-scale model and ocean radar Doppler spectra at moderate- and low-grazing angles. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 46(1): 84–92. doi: 10.1109/8.655454

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views