Revisiting ENSO impacts on the Indian Ocean SST based on a combined linear regression method

Lianyi Zhang; Yan Du; Tomoki Tozuka; Shoichiro Kido

doi:10.1007/s13131-021-1733-2

Volume 40 Issue 5

May 2021

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Acta Oceanologica Sinica > 2021 > 40(5): 47-57

Lianyi Zhang, Yan Du, Tomoki Tozuka, Shoichiro Kido. Revisiting ENSO impacts on the Indian Ocean SST based on a combined linear regression method[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2021, 40(5): 47-57. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1733-2

Citation:

Lianyi Zhang, Yan Du, Tomoki Tozuka, Shoichiro Kido. Revisiting ENSO impacts on the Indian Ocean SST based on a combined linear regression method[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2021, 40(5): 47-57. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1733-2

Citation:

PDF( 978 KB)

Revisiting ENSO impacts on the Indian Ocean SST based on a combined linear regression method

doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1733-2

Lianyi Zhang^{1, 2, 3, 4},
Yan Du^{1, 2, 3
,
,},
Tomoki Tozuka^{4, 5},
Shoichiro Kido⁵

1.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
4.
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
5.
Application Laboratory (APL), Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation (VAiG), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41830538 and 42090042; the Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract Nos 133244KYSB20190031, ZDRW-XH-2001902 and ISEE2018PY06; the Program of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) under contract Nos GML2019ZD0303 and 2019BT02H594.

More Information

Corresponding author: Email: duyan@scsio.ac.cn
Received Date: 2020-05-08
Accepted Date: 2020-06-30

Available Online: 2021-05-11

Publish Date: 2021-05-01

Abstract

Abstract

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has great impacts on the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST). In fact, two major modes of the Indian Ocean SST namely the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes, exerting strong influences on the Indian Ocean rim countries, are both influenced by the ENSO. Based on a combined linear regression method, this study quantifies the ENSO impacts on the IOB and the IOD during ENSO concurrent, developing, and decaying stages. After removing the ENSO impacts, the spring peak of the IOB disappears along with significant decrease in number of events, while the number of events is only slightly reduced and the autumn peak remains for the IOD. By isolating the ENSO impacts during each stage, this study reveals that the leading impacts of ENSO contribute to the IOD development, while the delayed impacts facilitate the IOD phase switch and prompt the IOB development. Besides, the decadal variations of ENSO impacts are various during each stage and over different regions. These imply that merely removing the concurrent ENSO impacts would not be sufficient to investigate intrinsic climate variability of the Indian Ocean, and the present method may be useful to study climate variabilities independent of ENSO.
- Indian Ocean,
- ENSO,
- sea surface temperature,
- climate modes,
- combined linear regression

FullText(HTML)

References(94)

References

[1]	Abram N J, Gagan M K, Cole J E, et al. 2008. Recent intensification of tropical climate variability in the Indian Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 1(12): 849–853. doi: 10.1038/ngeo357
[2]	Alexander M A, Bladé I, Newman M, et al. 2002. The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. Journal of Climate, 15(16): 2205–2231. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2
[3]	Annamalai H, Kida S, Hafner J. 2010. Potential impact of the tropical Indian Ocean–Indonesian Seas on El Niño characteristics. Journal of Climate, 23(14): 3933–3952. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3396.1
[4]	Annamalai H, Murtugudde R, Potemra J, et al. 2003. Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: spring initiation of the Zonal Mode. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50(12–13): 2305–2330
[5]	Annamalai H, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P, et al. 2005. Impact of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature on developing El Nino. Journal of Climate, 18(2): 302–319. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-3268.1
[6]	Ashok K, Guan Zhaoyong, Yamagata T. 2001. Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and ENSO. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(23): 4499–4502. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013294
[7]	Ashok K, Guan Zhaoyong, Yamagata T. 2003. A look at the relationship between the ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 81(1): 41–56. doi: 10.2151/jmsj.81.41
[8]	Behera S K, Luo Jingjia, Masson S, et al. 2006. A CGCM study on the interaction between IOD and ENSO. Journal of Climate, 19(9): 1688–1705. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3797.1
[9]	Behera S K, Luo Jingjia, Yamagata T. 2008. Unusual IOD event of 2007. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(14): L14S11
[10]	Behera S K, Yamagata T. 2001. Subtropical SST dipole events in the southern Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(2): 327–330. doi: 10.1029/2000GL011451
[11]	Behera S K, Yamagata T. 2003. Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the southern oscillation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 81(1): 169–177. doi: 10.2151/jmsj.81.169
[12]	Bretherton C S, Widmann M, Dymnikov V P, et al. 1999. The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. Journal of Climate, 12(7): 1990–2009. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1990:TENOSD>2.0.CO;2
[13]	Cai Wenju, Santoso A, Wang Guojian, et al. 2015. ENSO and greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 5(9): 849–859. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2743
[14]	Cai Wenju, Van Rensch P, Cowan T, et al. 2011. Teleconnection pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on australian rainfall. Journal of Climate, 24(15): 3910–3923. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4129.1
[15]	Cai Wenju, Van Rensch P, Cowan T, et al. 2012. An asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO teleconnection pathway and its impact on australian climate. Journal of Climate, 25(18): 6318–6329. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00501.1
[16]	Chen Zesheng, Du Yan, Wen Zhiping, et al. 2018. Indo-Pacific climate during the decaying phase of the 2015/16 El Niño: role of southeast tropical Indian Ocean warming. Climate Dynamics, 50(11–12): 4707–4719
[17]	Chen Xianyao, Wallace J M. 2015. ENSO-Like variability: 1900–2013. Journal of Climate, 28(24): 9623–9641. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0322.1
[18]	Chen Zesheng, Wen Zhiping, Wu Renguang, et al. 2016. Roles of tropical SST anomalies in modulating the western north Pacific anomalous cyclone during strong La Niña decaying years. Climate Dynamics, 49(1–2): 633–647
[19]	Chowdary J S, Gnanaseelan C. 2007. Basin-wide warming of the Indian Ocean during El Niño and Indian Ocean dipole years. International Journal of Climatology, 27(11): 1421–1438. doi: 10.1002/joc.1482
[20]	Chowdary J S, Patekar D, Srinivas G, et al. 2019. Impact of the Indo-Western Pacific Ocean Capacitor mode on South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. Climate Dynamics, 53(3–4): 2327–2338
[21]	Chowdary J S, Xie Shangping, Tokinaga H, et al. 2012. Interdecadal variations in ENSO teleconnection to the Indo–Western Pacific for 1870–2007. Journal of Climate, 25(5): 1722–1744. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00070.1
[22]	Compo G P, Sardeshmukh P D. 2010. Removing ENSO-related variations from the climate record. Journal of Climate, 23(8): 1957–1978. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2735.1
[23]	Crétat J, Terray P, Masson S, et al. 2017. Intrinsic precursors and timescale of the tropical Indian Ocean Dipole: insights from partially decoupled numerical experiment. Climate Dynamics, 51(4): 1311–1332
[24]	Deser C, Alexander M A, Xie Shangping, et al. 2010. Sea surface temperature variability: patterns and mechanisms. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2: 115–143. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453
[25]	Du Yan, Cai Wenju, Wu Yanling. 2013a. A new type of the Indian Ocean Dipole since the mid-1970s. Journal of Climate, 26(3): 959–972. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00047.1
[26]	Du Yan, Qu Tangdong, Meyers G. 2008. Interannual variability of sea surface temperature off Java and Sumatra in a global GCM. Journal of Climate, 21(11): 2451–2465. doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1753.1
[27]	Du Yan, Xie Shangping, Huang Gang, et al. 2009. Role of air–sea interaction in the long persistence of El Niño–induced North Indian Ocean warming. Journal of Climate, 22(8): 2023–2038. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2590.1
[28]	Du Yan, Xie Shangping, Yang Yali, et al. 2013b. Indian Ocean variability in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: the Basin Mode. Journal of Climate, 26(18): 7240–7266. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00678.1
[29]	Du Yan, Yang Lei, Xie Shangping. 2011. Tropical Indian Ocean influence on northwest Pacific tropical cyclones in summer following strong El Niño. Journal of Climate, 24(1): 315–322. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3890.1
[30]	Du Yan, Zhang Yuhong. 2015. Satellite and Argo observed surface salinity variations in the tropical Indian Ocean and their association with the Indian Ocean dipole mode. Journal of Climate, 28(2): 695–713. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00435.1
[31]	Feng Ming, McPhaden M J, Xie Shangping, et al. 2013. La Niña forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011. Scientific Reports, 3: 1277. doi: 10.1038/srep01277
[32]	Fischer A S, Terray P, Guilyardi E, et al. 2005. Two independent triggers for the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal mode in a coupled GCM. Journal of Climate, 18(17): 3428–3449. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3478.1
[33]	Gill A E. 1980. Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106(449): 447–462. doi: 10.1002/qj.49710644905
[34]	Gnanaseelan C, Vaid B H. 2009. Interannual variability in the Biannual Rossby waves in the tropical Indian Ocean and its relation to Indian Ocean Dipole and El Nino forcing. Ocean Dynamics, 60(1): 27–40
[35]	Guan Zhaoyong, Yamagata T. 2003. The unusual summer of 1994 in East Asia: IOD teleconnections. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(10): 1544
[36]	Guo Feiyan, Liu Qinyu, Sun S, et al. 2015. Three types of Indian Ocean dipoles. Journal of Climate, 28(8): 3073–3092. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00507.1
[37]	Ham Y G, Kug J S, Park J Y. 2013. Two distinct roles of Atlantic SSTs in ENSO variability: North Tropical Atlantic SST and Atlantic Niño. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(15): 4012–4017. doi: 10.1002/grl.50729
[38]	Han Weiqing, Vialard J, McPhaden M J, et al. 2014. Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(11): 1679–1703. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00028.1
[39]	Hong C C, Li T, LinHo, et al. 2010. Asymmetry of the Indian Ocean basinwide SST anomalies: roles of ENSO and IOD. Journal of Climate, 23(13): 3563–3576. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3320.1
[40]	Horii T, Hase H, Ueki I, et al. 2008. Oceanic precondition and evolution of the 2006 Indian Ocean Dipole. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(3): L03607
[41]	Huang Gang, Hu Kaiming, Xie Shangping. 2010. Strengthening of tropical Indian Ocean teleconnection to the Northwest Pacific since the mid-1970s: an atmospheric GCM study. Journal of Climate, 23(19): 5294–5304. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3577.1
[42]	Huang Boyin, Thorne P W, Banzon V F, et al. 2017. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, 30(20): 8179–8205. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1
[43]	Izumo T, Vialard J, Lengaigne M, et al. 2010. Influence of the state of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the following year’s El Niño. Nature Geoscience, 3(3): 168–172. doi: 10.1038/ngeo760
[44]	Jourdain N C, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, et al. 2016. Further insights on the influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the following year’s ENSO from observations and CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 29(2): 637–658. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0481.1
[45]	Kennedy J J, Rayner N A, Smith R O, et al. 2011a. Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea surface temperature observations measured in situ since 1850: 1. Measurement and sampling uncertainties. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116(D14): D14103. doi: 10.1029/2010JD015218
[46]	Kennedy J J, Rayner N A, Smith R O, et al. 2011b. Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea surface temperature observations measured in situ since 1850: 2. Biases and homogenization. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116(D14): D14104. doi: 10.1029/2010JD015220
[47]	Kido S, Tozuka T. 2017. Salinity variability associated with the positive Indian Ocean Dipole and its impact on the upper ocean temperature. Journal of Climate, 30(19): 7885–7907. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0133.1
[48]	Klein S A, Soden B J, Lau N C. 1999. Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. Journal of Climate, 12(4): 917–932. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0917:RSSTVD>2.0.CO;2
[49]	Kug J S, Li T, An S I, et al. 2006. Role of the ENSO–Indian Ocean coupling on ENSO variability in a coupled GCM. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(9): L09710
[50]	Lau N C, Nath M J. 2004. Coupled GCM simulation of atmosphere-ocean variability associated with zonally asymmetric SST changes in the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 17(2): 245–265. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0245:CGSOAV>2.0.CO;2
[51]	Luo Jingjia, Behera S, Masumoto Y, et al. 2008. Successful prediction of the consecutive IOD in 2006 and 2007. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(14): L14S02
[52]	Luo Jingjia, Zhang Ruochao, Behera S K, et al. 2010. Interaction between El Niño and extreme Indian Ocean Dipole. Journal of Climate, 23(3): 726–742. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI3104.1
[53]	Masumoto Y, Meyers G. 1998. Forced Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C12): 27589–27602. doi: 10.1029/98JC02546
[54]	Matsuno T. 1966. Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 44(1): 25–43. doi: 10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25
[55]	McPhaden M J, Yu Xuri. 1999. Equatorial waves and the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(19): 2961–2964. doi: 10.1029/1999GL004901
[56]	Meehl G A. 1993. A coupled air-sea biennial mechanism in the tropical Indian and Pacific regions: role of the ocean. Journal of Climate, 6(1): 31–41. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0031:ACASBM>2.0.CO;2
[57]	Morioka Y, Tozuka T, Yamagata T. 2012. How is the Indian Ocean Subtropical Dipole excited?. Climate Dynamics, 41(7–8): 1955–1968
[58]	Park H S, Chiang J C H, Lintner B R, et al. 2010. The delayed effect of major El Niño events on Indian monsoon rainfall. Journal of Climate, 23(4): 932–946. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2916.1
[59]	Penland C, Matrosova L. 2006. Studies of El Niño and interdecadal variability in tropical sea surface temperatures using a nonnormal filter. Journal of Climate, 19(22): 5796–5815. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3951.1
[60]	Qiu Yun, Cai Wenju, Guo Xiaogang, et al. 2014. The asymmetric influence of the positive and negative IOD events on China’s rainfall. Scientific Reports, 4: 4943
[61]	Rasmusson E M, Carpenter T H. 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Monthly Weather Review, 110(5): 354–384. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0354:VITSST>2.0.CO;2
[62]	Reynolds R W, Rayner N A, Smith T M, et al. 2002. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. Journal of Climate, 15(13): 1609–1625. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2
[63]	Saji N H, Goswami B N, Vinayachandran P N, et al. 1999. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401(6751): 360–363
[64]	Santoso A, England M H, Cai Wenju. 2012. Impact of Indo-Pacific feedback interactions on ENSO dynamics diagnosed using ensemble climate simulations. Journal of Climate, 25(21): 7743–7763. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00287.1
[65]	Schott F A, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P Jr. 2009. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics, 47(1): RG1002
[66]	Smith T M, Reynolds R W, Peterson T C, et al. 2008. Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land–ocean surface temperature analysis (1880–2006). Journal of Climate, 21(10): 2283–2296. doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1
[67]	Stuecker M F, Timmermann A, Jin Feifei, et al. 2017. Revisiting ENSO/Indian Ocean Dipole phase relationships. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(5): 2481–2492. doi: 10.1002/2016GL072308
[68]	Sun Shuangwen, Lan Jian, Fang Yue, et al. 2015. A triggering mechanism for the Indian Ocean Dipoles independent of ENSO. Journal of Climate, 28(13): 5063–5076. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00580.1
[69]	Suzuki S, Behera S K, Iizuka S, et al. 2004. Indian Ocean subtropical dipole simulated using a coupled general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C9): C09001
[70]	Tozuka T, Kataoka T, Yamagata T. 2014. Locally and remotely forced atmospheric circulation anomalies of Ningaloo Niño/Niña. Climate Dynamics, 43(7–8): 2197–2205
[71]	Ummenhofer C C, Biastoch A, Böning C W. 2017. Multidecadal Indian Ocean variability linked to the Pacific and implications for preconditioning Indian Ocean Dipole events. Journal of Climate, 30(5): 1739–1751. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0200.1
[72]	Vinayachandran P N, Saji N H, Yamagata T. 1999. Response of the equatorial Indian Ocean to an unusual wind event during 1994. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11): 1613–1616. doi: 10.1029/1999GL900179
[73]	Wang Hui, Murtugudde R, Kumar A. 2016. Evolution of Indian Ocean Dipole and its forcing mechanisms in the absence of ENSO. Climate Dynamics, 47(7–8): 2481–2500
[74]	Wang Chuanyang, Xie Shangping, Kosaka Y. 2020. ENSO-unrelated variability in Indo–northwest Pacific climate: regional coupled ocean–atmospheric feedback. Journal of Climate, 33(10): 4095–4108. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0426.1
[75]	Webster P J, Moore A M, Loschnigg J P, et al. 1999. Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98. Nature, 401(6751): 356–360. doi: 10.1038/43848
[76]	Xie Shangping, Annamalai H, Schott F A, et al. 2002. Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. Journal of Climate, 15(8): 864–878. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0864:SAMOSI>2.0.CO;2
[77]	Xie Shangping, Du Yan, Huang Gang, et al. 2010. Decadal shift in El Niño influences on Indo–western Pacific and East Asian climate in the 1970s. Journal of Climate, 23(12): 3352–3368. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3429.1
[78]	Xie Shangping, Hu Kaiming, Hafner J, et al. 2009. Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. Journal of Climate, 22(3): 730–747. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1
[79]	Xie Shangping, Kosaka Y, Du Yan, et al. 2016. Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33(4): 411–432. doi: 10.1007/s00376-015-5192-6
[80]	Xie Shangping, Philander S G H. 1994. A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of relevance to the Itcz in the eastern Pacific. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 46(4): 340–350. doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v46i4.15484
[81]	Xu Jianjun, Chan J C L. 2001. The role of the Asian–australian monsoon system in the onset time of El Niño events. Journal of Climate, 14(3): 418–433. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0418:TROTAA>2.0.CO;2
[82]	Yang Jianling, Liu Qinyu, Xie Shangping, et al. 2007. Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(2): L02708
[83]	Yang Yun, Xie Shangping, Wu Lixin, et al. 2015. Seasonality and predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole mode: ENSO forcing and internal variability. Journal of Climate, 28(20): 8021–8036. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0078.1
[84]	Yu Jinyi, Mechoso C R, McWilliams J C, et al. 2002. Impacts of the Indian Ocean on the ENSO cycle. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(8): 46–1
[85]	Yuan Dongliang, Wang Jing, Xu Tengfei, et al. 2011. Forcing of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the interannual variations of the tropical Pacific Ocean: roles of the Indonesian throughflow. Journal of Climate, 24(14): 3593–3608. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI3649.1
[86]	Yuan Dongliang, Zhou Hui, Zhao Xia. 2013. Interannual climate variability over the tropical Pacific Ocean Induced by the Indian Ocean Dipole through the indonesian throughflow. Journal of Climate, 26(9): 2845–2861. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00117.1
[87]	Zhang Lianyi, Du Yan, Cai Wenju. 2018a. A spurious positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2017. Science Bulletin, 63(18): 1170–1172. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.001
[88]	Zhang Lianyi, Du Yan, Cai Wenju. 2018b. Low-Frequency variability and the unusual Indian Ocean Dipole events in 2015 and 2016. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(2): 1040–1048. doi: 10.1002/2017GL076003
[89]	Zhang Lianyi, Du Yan, Cai Wenju, et al. 2020. Triggering the Indian Ocean Dipole from the southern hemisphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 47: e2020GL088648
[90]	Zhang Lei, Han Weiqing, Li Yuanlong, et al. 2018c. Mechanisms for generation and development of the Ningaloo Niño. Journal of Climate, 31(22): 9239–9259. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0175.1
[91]	Zhang Yuan, Wallace J M, Battisti D S. 1997. ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–93. Journal of Climate, 10(5): 1004–1020. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1004:ELIV>2.0.CO;2
[92]	Zhao Xia, Yuan Dongliang, Yang Guang, et al. 2016. Role of the oceanic channel in the relationships between the basin/dipole mode of SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and ENSO transition. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33(12): 1386–1400. doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-6048-4
[93]	Zheng Xiaotong, Xie Shangping, Du Yan, et al. 2013. Indian Ocean Dipole response to global warming in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble. Journal of Climate, 26(16): 6067–6080. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00638.1
[94]	Zhou Liantong, Tam C Y, Zhou Wen, et al. 2010. Influence of South China Sea SST and the ENSO on winter rainfall over South China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 27(4): 832–844. doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-9102-7