LIU Lihua, FU Shaoying, ZHANG Mei, GUAN Hongxiang, WU Nengyou. Coupled carbon and sulfur isotope behaviors and other geochemical perspectives into marine methane seepage[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2017, 36(6): 12-22. doi: 10.1007/s13131-017-0998-y
Citation: LIU Lihua, FU Shaoying, ZHANG Mei, GUAN Hongxiang, WU Nengyou. Coupled carbon and sulfur isotope behaviors and other geochemical perspectives into marine methane seepage[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2017, 36(6): 12-22. doi: 10.1007/s13131-017-0998-y

Coupled carbon and sulfur isotope behaviors and other geochemical perspectives into marine methane seepage

doi: 10.1007/s13131-017-0998-y
  • Received Date: 2016-04-12
  • Rev Recd Date: 2016-09-27
  • Methane seepage is the signal of the deep hydrocarbon reservoir. The determination of seepage is significant to the exploration of petroleum, gas and gas hydrate. The seepage habits microbial and macrofaunal life which is fueled by the hydrocarbons, the metabolic byproducts facilitate the precipitation of authigenic minerals. The study of methane seepage is also important to understand the oceanographic condition and local ecosystem. The seepage could be active or quiescent at different times. The geophysical surveys and the geochemical determinations reveal the existence of seepage. Among these methods, only geochemical determination could expose message of the dormant seepages. The active seepage demonstrates high porewater methane concentration with rapid SO42- depleted, low H2S and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), higher rates of sulfate reduction (SR) and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). The quiescent seepage typically develops authigenic carbonates with specific biomarkers, with extremely depleted 13C in gas, DIC and carbonates and with enriched 34S sulfate and depleted 34S pyrite. The origin of methane, minerals precipitation, the scenario of seepage and the possible method of immigration could be determined by the integration of solutes concentration, mineral composition and isotopic fractionation of carbon, sulfur. Numerical models with the integrated results provide useful insight into the nature and intensity of methane seepage occurring in the sediment and paleo-oceanographic conditions. Unfortunately, the intensive investigation of a specific area with dormant seep is still limit. Most seepage and modeling studies are site-specific and little attempt has been made to extrapolate the results to larger scales. Further research is thus needed to foster our understanding of the methane seepage.
  • loading
  • Aharon P, Fu Baoshun. 2000. Microbial sulfate reduction rates and sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionations at oil and gas seeps in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(2):233-246
    Aharon P, Fu Baoshun. 2003. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of coeval sulfate-sulfide in pore fluids of cold seep sediments with sharp redox gradients. Chemical Geology, 195(1-4):201-218
    Aharon P, Roberts H H, Snelling R. 1992. Submarine venting of brines in the deep gulf of mexico:observations and geochemistry. Geology, 20(6):483-486
    Aloisi G, Wallmann K, Haese R R, et al. 2004. Chemical, biological and hydrological controls on the 14C content of cold seep carbonate crusts:numerical modeling and implications for convection at cold seeps. Chemical Geology, 213(4):359-383
    Archer D. 2007. Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change. Biogeosciences, 4(4):521-544
    Arning E T, Fu Yunjiao, van Berk W, et al. 2011. Organic carbon remineralisation and complex, early diagenetic solid-aqueous solution-gas interactions:case study ODP Leg 204, Site 1246 (Hydrate Ridge). Marine Chemistry, 126(1-4):120-131
    Barry J P, Kochevar R E, Baxter C H. 1997. The influence of pore-water chemistry and physiology on the distribution of vesicomyid clams at cold seeps in Monterey Bay:implications for patterns of chemosynthetic community organization. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(2):318-328
    Bayon G, Pierre C, Etoubleau J, et al. 2007. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in Niger Delta sediments:implications for authigenic carbonate genesis in cold seep environments. Marine Geology, 241(1-4):93-109
    Berndt C, Feseker T, Treude T, et al. 2014. Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off svalbard. Science, 343(6168):284-287
    Birgel D, Himmler T, Freiwald A, et al. 2008. A new constraint on the antiquity of anaerobic oxidation of methane:late Pennsylvanian seep limestones from southern Namibia. Geology, 36(7):543-546
    Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert C J, et al. 2000. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407(6804):623-626
    Boetius A, Suess E. 2004. Hydrate ridge:a natural laboratory for the study of microbial life fueled by methane from near-surface gas hydrates. Chemical Geology, 205(3-4):291-310
    Bohrmann G, Greinert J, Suess E, et al. 1998. Authigenic carbonates from the Cascadia subduction zone and their relation to gas hydrate stability. Geology, 26(7):647-650
    Boudreau B P. 1996. A method-of-lines code for carbon and nutrient diagenesis in aquatic sediments. Computers & Geosciences, 22(5):479-496
    Bouloubassi I, Aloisi G, Pancost R D, et al. 2006. Archaeal and bacterial lipids in authigenic carbonate crusts from eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes. Organic Geochemistry, 37(4):484-500
    Chuang Peichuan, Dale A W, Wallmann K, et al. 2013. Relating sulfate and methane dynamics to geology:accretionary prism offshore SW Taiwan. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(7):2523-2545
    Cook M S, Keigwin L D, Birgel D, et al. 2011. Repeated pulses of vertical methane flux recorded in glacial sediments from the southeast Bering Sea. Paleoceanography, 26(2):PA2210
    Davidson D W, Garg S K, Ripmeester J A. 1978. NMR behavior of the clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran:Ⅱ. Deuterium measurements. Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969), 31(3):399-410
    Dickens G R, O'Neil J R, Rea D K, et al. 1995. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the paleocene. Paleoceanography, 10(6):965-971
    Elvert M, Suess E, Greinert J, et al. 2000. Archaea mediating anaerobic methane oxidation in deep-sea sediments at cold seeps of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone. Organic Geochemistry, 31(11):1175-1187
    Faure G. 1986. Principles of Isotope Geology. 2nd ed. New York:Wiley
    Feng Dong, Chen Duofu. 2015. Authigenic carbonates from an active cold seep of the northern South China Sea:new insights into fluid sources and past seepage activity. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 122:74-83
    Feng Dong, Cheng Ming, Kiel S, et al. 2015. Using Bathymodiolus tissue stable carbon, nitrogen and sulfur isotopes to infer biogeochemical process at a cold seep in the South China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 104:52-59
    Formolo M J, Lyons T W. 2013. Sulfur biogeochemistry of cold seeps in the Green Canyon region of the Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 119:264-285
    Formolo M J, Lyons T W, Zhang Chuanlun, et al. 2004. Quantifying carbon sources in the formation of authigenic carbonates at gas hydrate sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical Geology, 205(3-4):253-264
    Foucher J P, Westbrook G K, Boetius A, et al. 2009. Structure and drivers of cold seep ecosystems. Oceanography, 22(1):92-109
    Ge Lu, Jiang Shaoyong, Blumenberg M, et al. 2015. Lipid biomarkers and their specific carbon isotopic compositions of cold seep carbonates from the South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 66:501-510
    Gieskes J, Mahn C, Day S, et al. 2005. A study of the chemistry of pore fluids and authigenic carbonates in methane seep environments:kodiak Trench, Hydrate Ridge, Monterey Bay, and Eel River Basin. Chemical Geology, 220(3-4):329-345
    Greinert J, Bohrmann G, Suess E. 2001. Gas hydrate-associated carbonates and methane-venting at Hydrate Ridge:classification, distribution, and origin of authigenic lithologies. In:Paull C K, Dillon W P, eds. Natural Gas Hydrates:Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union, 99-113
    Greinert J, Bollwerk S M, Derkachev A, et al. 2002. Massive barite deposits and carbonate mineralization in the Derugin Basin, Sea of Okhotsk:precipitation processes at cold seep sites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203(1):165-180
    Grupe B M, Krach M L, Pasulka A L, et al. 2015. Methane seep ecosystem functions and services from a recently discovered southern California seep. Marine Ecology, 36(S1):91-108
    Guan Hongxiang, Feng Dong, Wu Nengyou, et al. 2016. Methane seepage intensities traced by biomarker patterns in authigenic carbonates from the South China Sea. Organic Geochemistry, 91:109-119
    Guan Hongxiang, Sun Yongge, Zhu Xiaowei, et al. 2013. Factors controlling the types of microbial consortia in cold-seep environments:a molecular and isotopic investigation of authigenic carbonates from the South China Sea. Chemical Geology, 354:55-64
    Haas A, Peckmann J, Elvert M, et al. 2010. Patterns of carbonate authigenesis at the Kouilou pockmarks on the Congo deep-sea fan. Marine Geology, 268(1-4):129-136
    Haeckel M, Suess E, Wallmann K, et al. 2004. Rising methane gas bubbles form massive hydrate layers at the seafloor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(21):4335-4345
    Han Xiqiu, Suess E, Huang Yongyang, et al. 2008. Jiulong methane reef:microbial mediation of seep carbonates in the South China Sea. Marine Geology, 249(3-4):243-256
    Han Xiqiu, Suess E, Liebetrau V, et al. 2014. Past methane release events and environmental conditions at the upper continental slope of the South China Sea:constraints by seep carbonates. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 103(7):1873-1887
    Han Xiqiu, Yang Kehong, Huang Yongyang. 2013. Origin and nature of cold seep in northeastern Dongsha area, South China Sea:evidence from chimney-like seep carbonates. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(30):3689-3697
    Himmler T, Birgel D, Bayon G, et al. 2015. Formation of seep carbonates along the Makran convergent margin, northern Arabian Sea and amolecular and isotopic approach to constrain the carbon isotopic composition of parent methane. Chemical Geology, 415:102-117
    Hovland M, Jensen S, Fichler C. 2012. Methane and minor oil macro-seep systems-Their complexity and environmental significance. Marine Geology, 332-334:163-173
    Hu Yu, Feng Dong, Liang Qianyong, et al. 2015. Impact of anaerobic oxidation of methane on the geochemical cycle of redox-sensitive elements at cold-seep sites of the northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 122:84-94
    Huang Yongyang, Suess E, Wu Nengyou. 2008. Methane and Gas Hydrate Geology of the Northern South China Sea:Sino-German Cooperative DO-177 Cruise Report (in Chinese). Beijing:Geological Publishing House
    Hutchens E, Gleeson D, McDermott F, et al. 2010. Meter-scale diversity of microbial communities on a weathered pegmatite granite outcrop in the wicklow mountains, ireland; evidence for mineral induced selection. Geomicrobiology Journal, 27(1):1-14
    Hyun S, Bahk J J, Yim U H, et al. 2014. Carbon isotope variations in diploptene for methane hydrate dissociation during the last glacial episode in the Japan Sea/East Sea. Geochemical Journal, 48(3):287-297
    Jensen J B, Kuijpers A, Bennike O, et al. 2002. New geological aspects for freshwater seepage and formation in Eckernförde Bay, western Baltic. Continental Shelf Research, 22(15):2159-2173
    Joye S B, Bowles M W, Samarkin V A, et al. 2010. Biogeochemical signatures and microbial activity of different cold-seep habitats along the Gulf of Mexico deep slope. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57(21-23):1990-2001
    Judd A G. 2003. The global importance and context of methane escape from the seabed. Geo-Marine Letters, 23(3-4):147-154
    Judd A G, Hovland M, Dimitrov L I, et al. 2002. The geological methane budget at Continental Margins and its influence on climate change. Geofluids, 2(2):109-126
    Kastner M, Kvenvolden K A, Lorenson T D. 1998. Chemistry, isotopic composition, and origin of a methane-hydrogen sulfide hydrate at the Cascadia subduction zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 156(3-4):173-183
    Knittel K, Boetius A. 2009. Anaerobic oxidation of methane:progress with an unknown process. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63(1):311-334
    Knittel K, Lösekann T, Boetius A, et al. 2005. Diversity and distribution of methanotrophic archaea at cold seeps. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(1):467-479
    Krumins V, Gehlen M, Arndt S, et al. 2013. Dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity fluxes from coastal marine sediments:model estimates for different shelf environments and sensitivity to global change. Biogeosciences, 10(1):371-398
    Li Yiliang, Peacock A D, White D C, et al. 2007. Spatial patterns of bacterial signature biomarkers in marine sediments of the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical Geology, 238(3-4):168-179
    Liebetrau V, Augustin N, Kutterolf S, et al. 2014. Cold-seep-driven carbonate deposits at the Central American forearc:contrasting evolution and timing in escarpment and mound settings. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 103(7):1845-1872
    Lim Y C, Lin S, Yang T F, et al. 2011. Variations of methane induced pyrite formation in the accretionary wedge sediments offshore southwestern Taiwan. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28(10):1829-1837
    Lin Huiling, Lin C Y, Meyers P A. 2001. Data report:carbonate, organic carbon, and opal concentrations and organic δ13C values of sediments from sites 1075-1082 and 1084, Southwest Africa margin. In:Wefer G, Berger W H, Richter C, eds. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results
    Lin Zhiyong, Sun Xiaoming, Lu Yang, et al. 2016a. Stable isotope patterns of coexisting pyrite and gypsum indicating variable methane flow at a seep site of the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 123:213-223
    Lin Zhiyong, Sun Xiaoming, Peckmann J, et al. 2016b. How sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane affects the sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite:a SIMS study from the South China Sea. Chemical Geology, 440:26-41
    Lin Qi, Wang Jiasheng, Taladay K, et al. 2016c. Coupled pyrite concentration and sulfur isotopic insight into the paleo sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) in the northern South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 115:547-556
    Liu Lihua, Shao Haibing, Fu Shaoying, et al. 2016a. Theoretical simulation of the evolution of methane hydrates in the case of Northern South China Sea since the last glacial maximum. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:596
    Liu Xiao, Xu Tianfu, Tian Hailong, et al. 2016b. Numerical modeling study of mineralization induced by methane cold seep at the sea bottom. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 75:14-28
    Lu Yang, Sun Xiaoming, Lin Zhiyong, et al. 2015. Cold seep status archived in authigenic carbonates:mineralogical and isotopic evidence from Northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 122:95-105
    Luff R, Greinert J, Wallmann K, et al. 2005. Simulation of long-term feedbacks from authigenic carbonate crust formation at cold vent sites. Chemical Geology, 216(1-2):157-174
    Luff R, Wallmann K. 2003. Fluid flow, methane fluxes, carbonate precipitation and biogeochemical turnover in gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin:numerical modeling and mass balances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18):3403-3421
    Luff R, Wallmann K, Aloisi G. 2004. Numerical modeling of carbonate crust formation at cold vent sites:significance for fluid and methane budgets and chemosynthetic biological communities. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 221(1-4):337-353
    Luff R, Wallmann K, Grandel S, et al. 2000. Numerical modeling of benthic processes in the deep Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 47(14):3039-3072
    Magalhães V H, Pinheiro L M, Ivanov M K, et al. 2012. Formation processes of methane-derived authigenic carbonates from the Gulf of Cadiz. Sedimentary Geology, 243-244:155-168
    Malone M J, Claypool G, Martin J B, et al. 2002. Variable methane fluxes in shallow marine systems over geologic time:the composition and origin of pore waters and authigenic carbonates on the New Jersey shelf. Marine Geology, 189(3-4):175-196
    Martens C S, Albert D B, Alperin M J. 1999. Stable isotope tracing of anaerobic methane oxidation in the gassy sediments of Eckernfoerde Bay, German Baltic Sea. American Journal of Science, 299(7-9):589-610
    Matsumoto R. 2000. Methane hydrate estimates from the chloride and oxygen isotopic anomalies:examples from the Blake Ridge and Nankai trough sediments. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 912:39-50
    Meile C, Koretsky C M, Van Cappellen P. 2001. Quantifying bioirrigation in aquatic sediments:an inverse modeling approach. Limnology and Oceanography, 46(1):164-177
    Ménot G, Bard E. 2010. Geochemical evidence for a large methane release during the last deglaciation from Marmara Sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(5):1537-1550
    Meysman F J R, Middelburg J J, Herman P M J, et al. 2003. Reactive transport in surface sediments:I. Model complexity and software quality. Computers & Geosciences, 29(3):291-300
    Nelson H, Thor D R, Sandstrom M W, et al. 1979. Modern biogenic gas-generated craters (sea-floor “pockmarks”) on the bering shelf, alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90(12):1144-1152
    Novikova S A, Shnyukov Y F, Sokol E V, et al. 2015. A methane-derived carbonate build-up at a cold seep on the Crimean slope, north-western Black Sea. Marine Geology, 363:160-173
    Pancost R D, Bouloubassi I, Aloisi G, et al. 2001. Three series of non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol diethers in cold-seep carbonate crusts. Organic Geochemistry, 32(5):695-707
    Paull C K, Ussler W Ⅲ, Holbrook W S, et al. 2008. Origin of pockmarks and chimney structures on the flanks of the Storegga Slide, offshore Norway. Geo-Marine Letters, 28(1):43-51
    Peckmann J, Gischler E, Oschmann W, et al. 2001. An early carboniferous seep community and hydrocarbon-derived carbonates from the Harz Mountains, Germany. Geology, 29(3):271-274
    Peckmann J, Thiel V. 2004. Carbon cycling at ancient methane-seeps. Chemical Geology, 205(3-4):443-467
    Reed D C, Slomp C P, de Lange G J. 2011. A quantitative reconstruction of organic matter and nutrient diagenesis in Mediterranean Sea sediments over the Holocene. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(19):5540-5558
    Regnier P, Dale A W, Arndt S, et al. 2011. Quantitative analysis of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments:a modeling perspective. Earth-Science Reviews, 106(1-2):105-130
    Roalkvam I, Jorgensen S L, Chen Yifeng, et al. 2011. New insight into stratification of anaerobic methanotrophs in cold seep sediments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 78(2):233-243
    Röemer M, Sahling H, Pape T, et al. 2012. Geological control and magnitude of methane ebullition from a high-flux seep area in the Black Sea-the Kerch seep area. Marine Geology, 319-322:57-74
    Rollet N, Logan G A, Kennard J M, et al. 2006. Characterisation and correlation of active hydrocarbon seepage using geophysical data sets:an example from the tropical, carbonate Yampi Shelf, Northwest Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23(2):145-164
    Sahoo S K, Planavsky N J, Kendall B, et al. 2012. Ocean oxygenation in the wake of the Marinoan glaciation. Nature, 489(7417):546-549
    Sassen R, Roberts H H, Carney R, et al. 2004. Free hydrocarbon gas, gas hydrate, and authigenic minerals in chemosynthetic communities of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope:relation to microbial processes. Chemical Geology, 205(3-4):195-217
    Scholz F, Hensen C, Noffke A, et al. 2011. Early diagenesis of redox-sensitive trace metals in the Peru upwelling area-response to ENSO-related oxygen fluctuations in the water column. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(22):7257-7276
    Schouten S, Breteler W C M K, Blokker P, et al. 1998. Biosynthetic effects on the stable carbon isotopic compositions of algal lipids:implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(8):1397-1406
    Sivan O, Schrag D P, Murray R W. 2007. Rates of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in deep-sea sediments. Geobiology, 5(2):141-151
    Stadnitskaia A, Baas M, Ivanov M K, et al. 2003. Novel archaeal macrocyclic diether core membrane lipids in a methane-derived carbonate crust from a mud volcano in the Sorokin Trough, NE Black Sea. Archaea, 1(3):165-173
    Stadnitskaia A, Muyzer G, Abbas B, et al. 2005. Biomarker and 16S rDNA evidence for anaerobic oxidation of methane and related carbonate precipitation in deep-sea mud volcanoes of the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea. Marine Geology, 217(1-2):67-96
    Suess E. 2005. RV Sonne cruise report SO 177, Sino-German cooperative project, south China Sea continental margin:geological methane budget and environmental effects of methane emissions and gashydrates. IFM-GEOMAR Reports
    Suess E. 2014. Marine cold seeps and their manifestations:geological control, biogeochemical criteria and environmental conditions. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 103(7):1889-1916
    Talukder A R, Ross A, Crooke E, et al. 2013. Natural hydrocarbon seepage on the continental slope to the east of Mississippi Canyon in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(6):1940-1956
    Tong Hongpeng, Feng Dong, Cheng Hai, et al. 2013. Authigenic carbonates from seeps on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea:new insights into fluid sources and geochronology. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 43:260-271
    Treude T, Niggemann J, Kallmeyer J, et al. 2005. Anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction along the Chilean continental margin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(11):2767-2779
    Treude T, Orphan V, Knittel K, et al. 2007. Consumption of methane and CO2 by methanotrophic microbial mats from gas seeps of the anoxic Black Sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(7):2271-2283
    van Dongen B E, Roberts A P, Schouten S, et al. 2007. Formation of iron sulfide nodules during anaerobic oxidation of methane. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(21):5155-5167
    Vanneste H, James R H, Kelly-Gerreyn B A, et al. 2013. Authigenic barite records of methane seepage at the Carlos Ribeiro mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz). Chemical Geology, 354:42-54
    Wallmann K, Aloisi G, Haeckel M, et al. 2006. Kinetics of organic matter degradation, microbial methane generation, and gas hydrate formation in anoxic marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(15):3905-3927
    Wang Shuhong, Yan Bin, Yan Wen. 2013. Tracing seafloor methane emissions with benthic foraminifera in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea. Environmental Earth Sciences, 70(3):1143-1150
    Whiticar M J. 1999. Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1-3):291-314
    Yin P, Berné S, Vagner P, et al. 2003. Mud volcanoes at the shelf margin of the East China Sea. Marine Geology, 194(3-4):135-149.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (683) PDF downloads(342) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return