1992 Vol. 11, No. 1
Display Method:
1992, (1): 1-11.
Abstract:
Using the data specially observed on the Bohai Sea oil platform by the authors for studying thermocline for two weeks,the thermocline depth,the temperature and the salinity of the layers below and above the thermocline were numerically modelled.The model is based on the Stigebrandt model and some important supplements are made in this paper in accordance with the local condition of the sea.The modelling results fit well in the observations.It is proved that the entrainmem due to both the tide and the wind can give rise to rather intense mixing cross the thermocline.This process makes the temperature rising below the thermocline,and causes the nutrient increasing above it,which has important significance for the marine physical environment and the marine organism.
Using the data specially observed on the Bohai Sea oil platform by the authors for studying thermocline for two weeks,the thermocline depth,the temperature and the salinity of the layers below and above the thermocline were numerically modelled.The model is based on the Stigebrandt model and some important supplements are made in this paper in accordance with the local condition of the sea.The modelling results fit well in the observations.It is proved that the entrainmem due to both the tide and the wind can give rise to rather intense mixing cross the thermocline.This process makes the temperature rising below the thermocline,and causes the nutrient increasing above it,which has important significance for the marine physical environment and the marine organism.
1992, (1): 13-23.
Abstract:
In this paper the parameterizational approach of nonlinear source function and the implicit scheme of the model are discussed in detail.The matching problem is solved between time and space steps using the characteristics inlaid scheme with very strong physical meaning.The computational comparison in typical winds shows some improvements to the WAM model.That the hindcast results of the model for typhoon cases are in good agreement with real data illustrates its applicability to wave forecast and engineering study.
In this paper the parameterizational approach of nonlinear source function and the implicit scheme of the model are discussed in detail.The matching problem is solved between time and space steps using the characteristics inlaid scheme with very strong physical meaning.The computational comparison in typical winds shows some improvements to the WAM model.That the hindcast results of the model for typhoon cases are in good agreement with real data illustrates its applicability to wave forecast and engineering study.
1992, (1): 25-34.
Abstract:
In this paper,on the basis of the heat conduction equation without consideration of the advection and turbulence effects,one-dimensional model for describing surface sea temperature (Ts),bottom sea temperature (Th) and the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer (h) is developed in terms of the dimensionless temperature θT and depth η and self-simulation function θT-f(η) of vertical temperature profile by means of historical temperature data.
The results of trial prediction with our one-dimensional model on Ts,Th,h,the thickness and gradient of thermocline are satisfactory to some extent.
In this paper,on the basis of the heat conduction equation without consideration of the advection and turbulence effects,one-dimensional model for describing surface sea temperature (Ts),bottom sea temperature (Th) and the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer (h) is developed in terms of the dimensionless temperature θT and depth η and self-simulation function θT-f(η) of vertical temperature profile by means of historical temperature data.
The results of trial prediction with our one-dimensional model on Ts,Th,h,the thickness and gradient of thermocline are satisfactory to some extent.
1992, (1): 35-46.
Abstract:
STD Data obtained from the Third Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition from January to February 1987 in the region near the South Shetland Islands are used to investigate an oceanic front,continental water boundary (CWB),north of the South Shetland Islands.The characteristics of the CWB in surface and subsurface layers as well as deep layer are discussed respectively.The estimations of the geostrophic currents and the baroclinic deformed radius Rbc in this area show that the flow along the front is in the geostrophic equilibrium approximately,and the formation of the front is mainly due to the strong boundary current north of the South Shetland Islands.Its length along the front is estimated to be about 360 km and its width across the front is about 30 km.
STD Data obtained from the Third Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition from January to February 1987 in the region near the South Shetland Islands are used to investigate an oceanic front,continental water boundary (CWB),north of the South Shetland Islands.The characteristics of the CWB in surface and subsurface layers as well as deep layer are discussed respectively.The estimations of the geostrophic currents and the baroclinic deformed radius Rbc in this area show that the flow along the front is in the geostrophic equilibrium approximately,and the formation of the front is mainly due to the strong boundary current north of the South Shetland Islands.Its length along the front is estimated to be about 360 km and its width across the front is about 30 km.
1992, (1): 47-55.
Abstract:
Starting from physical oceanology characteristics of the China seas and for the short-term operational prediction of SST in the region,a two-dimensional (vertically integrated) primitive equation model,physically reasonable and operationally feasible,on the upper mixed layer is constructed and given here,which consists of three parts,the nondivergent residual current (the monthly mean field of the Kuroshio and its branches) equations,the dynamic forecasting equations,and the equation of model's physics consisting of surface heat flux,coolings of the upper mixed layer due to the Ekman pumping and the entrainment by gale.This model may be used primarily to forecast the sea surface temperature,and to give estimations of the mean wind-driven current and the sea level,for a period of 3-5 d.In part 1 of this series,the physical conditions for establishing model equations are discussed first,that is,1.the existence of the upper well mixed layer in the region; 2.the distinguishability of currents 3.the splitting of thermodynamical equation.The equations of nondivergent residual current,and the dynamic forecasting equations with initial values and boundary conditions are also discussed.
Starting from physical oceanology characteristics of the China seas and for the short-term operational prediction of SST in the region,a two-dimensional (vertically integrated) primitive equation model,physically reasonable and operationally feasible,on the upper mixed layer is constructed and given here,which consists of three parts,the nondivergent residual current (the monthly mean field of the Kuroshio and its branches) equations,the dynamic forecasting equations,and the equation of model's physics consisting of surface heat flux,coolings of the upper mixed layer due to the Ekman pumping and the entrainment by gale.This model may be used primarily to forecast the sea surface temperature,and to give estimations of the mean wind-driven current and the sea level,for a period of 3-5 d.In part 1 of this series,the physical conditions for establishing model equations are discussed first,that is,1.the existence of the upper well mixed layer in the region; 2.the distinguishability of currents 3.the splitting of thermodynamical equation.The equations of nondivergent residual current,and the dynamic forecasting equations with initial values and boundary conditions are also discussed.
1992, (1): 57-66.
Abstract:
The model's physical equation is used to parameterize some subgrid-scale processes and physical processes in the present numerical model.The transmission and attenuation of the solar energy in the ocean are considered.A simple diagnostic equation for the cloud fractions k proposed on the basis of the humidities at the surface and the mid-troposphere.The parameterized formulae of both entrainment and Ekman pumping are improved.
In the numerical integration,the treatment on damping the inertial oscillations is emphasized.The initialization and the objective analysis of the data which are necessary for the operational prediction will be presented in another paper.
Results of SST prediction and some numerical experiments are given here.The model is computationally stable and successful in modelling the behaviors of the drift current and the mixed layer physics,and the AMD (absolute mean deviations) ≤ 1.2℃,RC (correlation coefficients) ≥ 85% for 3-day forecasting.
The model's physical equation is used to parameterize some subgrid-scale processes and physical processes in the present numerical model.The transmission and attenuation of the solar energy in the ocean are considered.A simple diagnostic equation for the cloud fractions k proposed on the basis of the humidities at the surface and the mid-troposphere.The parameterized formulae of both entrainment and Ekman pumping are improved.
In the numerical integration,the treatment on damping the inertial oscillations is emphasized.The initialization and the objective analysis of the data which are necessary for the operational prediction will be presented in another paper.
Results of SST prediction and some numerical experiments are given here.The model is computationally stable and successful in modelling the behaviors of the drift current and the mixed layer physics,and the AMD (absolute mean deviations) ≤ 1.2℃,RC (correlation coefficients) ≥ 85% for 3-day forecasting.
1992, (1): 67-82.
Abstract:
Mainly on the basis of the data obtained during PRC/US bilateral TOGA cruises,abnormal variation occurred during the 1986/1987 El Nino is shown in this paper about the thermal structure and circulation of the upper western tropical Pacific Ocean.The effects of the abmormal variation on the subtropical high over the Northwest Pacific Ocean are discussed.During the El Nino:(1) In the east part of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (the subsurface temperature data on the 165°E section are taken as an example),the water wanner than 29℃ in the upper layer spread on the longitudinal section and positive temperature anormalies appeared in a large area of the sea surface.(2) In the west part of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (the subsurface temperature data on the 137°E section are representative),the cross section occupied by the upper layer warmer water (T>28℃) became shrunk,and the sea surface temperature showed negative amomalies.(3) The eastward flows in the upper layer of the 165°E section strengthened.(4)The northward flow volume of warm water from the origin area of Kuroshio,i.e.,the tropical ooeattic area south of 18°20'N and from the west of 130°E to the Philippine coast,decreased.When those kinds of abnomal variation occurred,air divergence on the low level (1 000 hPa) over the Northwest Phcltlc Ocean was interuified,favourable to the strengthening of subtropical high over the Northwest Paclfic Ocean.
Mainly on the basis of the data obtained during PRC/US bilateral TOGA cruises,abnormal variation occurred during the 1986/1987 El Nino is shown in this paper about the thermal structure and circulation of the upper western tropical Pacific Ocean.The effects of the abmormal variation on the subtropical high over the Northwest Pacific Ocean are discussed.During the El Nino:(1) In the east part of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (the subsurface temperature data on the 165°E section are taken as an example),the water wanner than 29℃ in the upper layer spread on the longitudinal section and positive temperature anormalies appeared in a large area of the sea surface.(2) In the west part of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (the subsurface temperature data on the 137°E section are representative),the cross section occupied by the upper layer warmer water (T>28℃) became shrunk,and the sea surface temperature showed negative amomalies.(3) The eastward flows in the upper layer of the 165°E section strengthened.(4)The northward flow volume of warm water from the origin area of Kuroshio,i.e.,the tropical ooeattic area south of 18°20'N and from the west of 130°E to the Philippine coast,decreased.When those kinds of abnomal variation occurred,air divergence on the low level (1 000 hPa) over the Northwest Phcltlc Ocean was interuified,favourable to the strengthening of subtropical high over the Northwest Paclfic Ocean.
1992, (1): 83-95.
Abstract:
A joint investigation of marine geoloy in the South Huanshai Sea was carried out by the Institute of Oceanology,Academia Sinica,and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,USA during 1983~1984.This paper reports the investigation results of the suspended matters in the water column at 55 stations in July,1984 (summer time).
The highest concentration region where the value is less than 0.5 mg/L,is found in the central part of the study area and the southern part of Shandong Peninsula.The Taiwan Warm Current which might obstruct the discharge of the Changjiang River to the east of the sea,appears in the distribution of the suspended matters outside the Changjiang River Estuary.
Although lots of materials are brought into the sea during the high flow period of the Huanghe and the Chansjiang Rivers in July,this does not form the main scarce of the suspended matters.The main source is the resuspension of depesits.The materials brought by rivers come the second,and biogeneons components in the sea come the third.
The substances discharged from present rivers nave an effect on the suspended matters near the north and south boundary lines of the study area.
There are therawcline,halacline and pycnacline in the offshore water column.Their existence restricts the bottom materlals from being tra}ported upward.The motion and movement of the materials in water column go on mainly in bottom layer.The way of its process may be in the farm of suspending-depositing-resuspending-redepasiting.
There exists intensely an organic influence in the bottom water of the Huanghai Sea,as it is shallow water area.
A joint investigation of marine geoloy in the South Huanshai Sea was carried out by the Institute of Oceanology,Academia Sinica,and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,USA during 1983~1984.This paper reports the investigation results of the suspended matters in the water column at 55 stations in July,1984 (summer time).
The highest concentration region where the value is less than 0.5 mg/L,is found in the central part of the study area and the southern part of Shandong Peninsula.The Taiwan Warm Current which might obstruct the discharge of the Changjiang River to the east of the sea,appears in the distribution of the suspended matters outside the Changjiang River Estuary.
Although lots of materials are brought into the sea during the high flow period of the Huanghe and the Chansjiang Rivers in July,this does not form the main scarce of the suspended matters.The main source is the resuspension of depesits.The materials brought by rivers come the second,and biogeneons components in the sea come the third.
The substances discharged from present rivers nave an effect on the suspended matters near the north and south boundary lines of the study area.
There are therawcline,halacline and pycnacline in the offshore water column.Their existence restricts the bottom materlals from being tra}ported upward.The motion and movement of the materials in water column go on mainly in bottom layer.The way of its process may be in the farm of suspending-depositing-resuspending-redepasiting.
There exists intensely an organic influence in the bottom water of the Huanghai Sea,as it is shallow water area.
1992, (1): 97-107.
Abstract:
On the basis of the data obtained from the comprehensive Kuroshio surveys in 1987-1988,this paper analyses the oceanographic characteristics in the area (125°-130°E,27°-31°N) of the continental shelf edge of the East China Sea (E.C.S.) and its adjacent waters and discusses the effects of the Kuroshio front,thermocline and upwelling of the Kuroshio subsurface water on the distribution of standing stock of phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a).The distribution of high content of chlorophylly-a has been detected at 20-50 in depth in the water body on the left side of the Kuroshio front in the continental shelf edge waters of the E.C.S.The high content of chlorophyll-a spreads from the shelf area to the Kuroshio area in the form of a tongue and connects with the maximum layer of subsurface chlorophyll-a of the Kuroshio and pelagic sea.The author considers that the formation of the distribution of high content chlorophyll-a in this area results from the bottom topography and oceanic environment and there ate close oorrelations between the high content of chlorophyll-a and the light-nutrient environment.
On the basis of the data obtained from the comprehensive Kuroshio surveys in 1987-1988,this paper analyses the oceanographic characteristics in the area (125°-130°E,27°-31°N) of the continental shelf edge of the East China Sea (E.C.S.) and its adjacent waters and discusses the effects of the Kuroshio front,thermocline and upwelling of the Kuroshio subsurface water on the distribution of standing stock of phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a).The distribution of high content of chlorophylly-a has been detected at 20-50 in depth in the water body on the left side of the Kuroshio front in the continental shelf edge waters of the E.C.S.The high content of chlorophyll-a spreads from the shelf area to the Kuroshio area in the form of a tongue and connects with the maximum layer of subsurface chlorophyll-a of the Kuroshio and pelagic sea.The author considers that the formation of the distribution of high content chlorophyll-a in this area results from the bottom topography and oceanic environment and there ate close oorrelations between the high content of chlorophyll-a and the light-nutrient environment.
1992, (1): 109-122.
Abstract:
The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May-June,1986 (spring),July -August,1987(summer).October -November,1988(autumn)and December,1987(winter)respectively.Identified dinoflagellates were 141 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 18 genera.
According to the distribution and ecological L11characteristics of dinoflagellates species,we can divide them into three groups:1) Hyporhaline-neritic group:they are distributed only in type Ⅲ and type Ⅳ water and they perform an evident function indicating continental coast water; 2) Eurythermic-euryhaline group represented by Protoperidinium depressum,Gentium fusus,etc.They are fond of perching in mixing water which character is similar to that of coast water even though they are distributed in different water systems; 3) Hyperthermic-hyperhaline group:on the basis of varying degrees to which they tolerate temperature and salinity,we can divide them into two sub-groups:euryhyperthermic-euryhyperhaline subgroup and stenohyperthermic-stenohyperhaline subgroup.The first subgroup is represented by Pyrocystns pseudoaoctiluca whose adaptability reation occurred with the changing of hydrographic environment.The second subgroup is tropic oceanic species which can serve as a good indicator for Kuroshio in the East China Sea.Its biological boundary soinsides well with the hydrographic boundary of Kuroshio water.
The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May-June,1986 (spring),July -August,1987(summer).October -November,1988(autumn)and December,1987(winter)respectively.Identified dinoflagellates were 141 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 18 genera.
According to the distribution and ecological L11characteristics of dinoflagellates species,we can divide them into three groups:1) Hyporhaline-neritic group:they are distributed only in type Ⅲ and type Ⅳ water and they perform an evident function indicating continental coast water; 2) Eurythermic-euryhaline group represented by Protoperidinium depressum,Gentium fusus,etc.They are fond of perching in mixing water which character is similar to that of coast water even though they are distributed in different water systems; 3) Hyperthermic-hyperhaline group:on the basis of varying degrees to which they tolerate temperature and salinity,we can divide them into two sub-groups:euryhyperthermic-euryhyperhaline subgroup and stenohyperthermic-stenohyperhaline subgroup.The first subgroup is represented by Pyrocystns pseudoaoctiluca whose adaptability reation occurred with the changing of hydrographic environment.The second subgroup is tropic oceanic species which can serve as a good indicator for Kuroshio in the East China Sea.Its biological boundary soinsides well with the hydrographic boundary of Kuroshio water.
1992, (1): 123-130.
Abstract:
The rot disease of Laminaria occurs often in nurseries of sporeling and commercial cultivation in the sea and results in economic loss greatly.Usually the disease outbreaks accompanied with massive multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria.From the section of the decaying Lamuutria which resulted from the inoculation of alginic acid decomposing bacteria,it was observed that the bacteria invaded the epiderm of the Laminaria surface at first,then entered the ex-odermis,endodermis and pith.In addition,there were a great amount of bacteria in the intercellular region and a lot of free cells of the algae in the decaying areas.The wall of some free cells was decomposed,which led to soft tissue or disintegration.Alginic acid decomposing bacteria are normal epiphytic microorganisms growing on Lamuutria surface.These bacteria do not cause disease at normal environmental conditions.The experiments showed that the unfavourable conditions,e.g.,wounding,overcrowding,high temperature reduced the ability of antibacterial activity and made the algae more susceptible to the pathogens and favoured the multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria and finally led to the disease outbreat.1le unfavourable environmental factors which resulted from a variety of reasons were the main cause of the disease.
The rot disease of Laminaria occurs often in nurseries of sporeling and commercial cultivation in the sea and results in economic loss greatly.Usually the disease outbreaks accompanied with massive multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria.From the section of the decaying Lamuutria which resulted from the inoculation of alginic acid decomposing bacteria,it was observed that the bacteria invaded the epiderm of the Laminaria surface at first,then entered the ex-odermis,endodermis and pith.In addition,there were a great amount of bacteria in the intercellular region and a lot of free cells of the algae in the decaying areas.The wall of some free cells was decomposed,which led to soft tissue or disintegration.Alginic acid decomposing bacteria are normal epiphytic microorganisms growing on Lamuutria surface.These bacteria do not cause disease at normal environmental conditions.The experiments showed that the unfavourable conditions,e.g.,wounding,overcrowding,high temperature reduced the ability of antibacterial activity and made the algae more susceptible to the pathogens and favoured the multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria and finally led to the disease outbreat.1le unfavourable environmental factors which resulted from a variety of reasons were the main cause of the disease.
1992, (1): 131-137.
Abstract:
In a study of meiofauna polychaete from the Huanghai Sea,two new species belonging to Exogane and Sphaerosyllis were found and described in this paper.The two new species differ from the other species in the two genera mainly by the dorsal cirri,chaetation and distribution of papillae.
In a study of meiofauna polychaete from the Huanghai Sea,two new species belonging to Exogane and Sphaerosyllis were found and described in this paper.The two new species differ from the other species in the two genera mainly by the dorsal cirri,chaetation and distribution of papillae.
1992, (1): 139-143.
Abstract:
1992, (1): 153-155.
Abstract:
