1990 Vol. 9, No. 2
Display Method:
1990, (2): 159-172.
Abstract:
A one-dimentional three-layer model for the thermal structure in the Huanghai Sea is presented in this study,me model consists of the upper mixed layer caused by heating and wind mixing,the lower mixed layer driven by tidal mixing,and the thermocline with certain thickness.The entrainment velocities of the upper and lower layers are obtained respectively.The results show that the model is capable of describing the development and decline processes of the seasonal thermocline in the Huanghai Sea,simulating successfully the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass,the nearshore front and surface cold water off North Jiangsu and explaining reasonably their formation mechanisms as well as the strong thermocline off Qingdao.It is suggested that the tidal mixing plays key role in the formation of the nearshore front off North Jiangsu and the strong thermocline off Qingdao.The wind mixing and the tidal mixing make the lower layer water with high nutrients go up to the upper layer.This physical process may be significant for biological plant productuion.
A one-dimentional three-layer model for the thermal structure in the Huanghai Sea is presented in this study,me model consists of the upper mixed layer caused by heating and wind mixing,the lower mixed layer driven by tidal mixing,and the thermocline with certain thickness.The entrainment velocities of the upper and lower layers are obtained respectively.The results show that the model is capable of describing the development and decline processes of the seasonal thermocline in the Huanghai Sea,simulating successfully the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass,the nearshore front and surface cold water off North Jiangsu and explaining reasonably their formation mechanisms as well as the strong thermocline off Qingdao.It is suggested that the tidal mixing plays key role in the formation of the nearshore front off North Jiangsu and the strong thermocline off Qingdao.The wind mixing and the tidal mixing make the lower layer water with high nutrients go up to the upper layer.This physical process may be significant for biological plant productuion.
1990, (2): 173-186.
Abstract:
To examine the circulation in shallow water with tidal flat,a finite element model for the numerical solution of the shallow water equations was developed by means of standard Galerkin's method.The domain computed was covered with triangular finite elements,and water elevation and velocity were approximated by linear interpolation functions,and the lumped coefficients were used to substitute for solving the high order algebraic equation system.The time-dependent land-water boundary changes are treated mathematically by interrelating the location of the land-water boundary with the instantaneous tidal level.The implicit scheme was adopted for the terms of the bottom friction and the Coriolis effect in the motion equation so that the numerical stability of the model has been improved.
The model was applied to the tidal current on shoaling water with large tidal flat off Pikou,and a comparison between observed and calculated values showed good agreement,the flow pattern being reproduced.
To examine the circulation in shallow water with tidal flat,a finite element model for the numerical solution of the shallow water equations was developed by means of standard Galerkin's method.The domain computed was covered with triangular finite elements,and water elevation and velocity were approximated by linear interpolation functions,and the lumped coefficients were used to substitute for solving the high order algebraic equation system.The time-dependent land-water boundary changes are treated mathematically by interrelating the location of the land-water boundary with the instantaneous tidal level.The implicit scheme was adopted for the terms of the bottom friction and the Coriolis effect in the motion equation so that the numerical stability of the model has been improved.
The model was applied to the tidal current on shoaling water with large tidal flat off Pikou,and a comparison between observed and calculated values showed good agreement,the flow pattern being reproduced.
1990, (2): 187-201.
Abstract:
In this paper,by using ISODATA of fuzzy cluster,the water masses classification of the upper layer in the E-quatorial Western Pacific is carried out.On the basis of the degree of the membership in the obtained optimal classification matrix,the solid distribution of the detailed structure of water masses is made.The water of the upper layer,consisting of six water masses,may be divided into three layers,i,e.,the surface,subsurface and intermediate layer.Besides analyzing the features of various water masses,a discussion on their distribution structure and formation mechanism is also made.
In this paper,by using ISODATA of fuzzy cluster,the water masses classification of the upper layer in the E-quatorial Western Pacific is carried out.On the basis of the degree of the membership in the obtained optimal classification matrix,the solid distribution of the detailed structure of water masses is made.The water of the upper layer,consisting of six water masses,may be divided into three layers,i,e.,the surface,subsurface and intermediate layer.Besides analyzing the features of various water masses,a discussion on their distribution structure and formation mechanism is also made.
1990, (2): 203-217.
Abstract:
In this paper,the factors for SSTA development in finite sea area of low latitudes are discussed with simpler linearized equations,According to the coupling conditions at the interface of atmosphere and ocean,we studied the horizontal scale relations of air-sea coupled system satisfying the dynamical and thermodynamical requirements,From the fluctuation viewpoint,the relation of horizontal scales and wave numbers are presented for a linear atmosphere-ocean coupled system with the same time scales.At last part of the paper,the state of fluctuations is examined for different sea scales under certain given atmospheric scale with a simpler two-layer coupled model,and some significant results obtained.
In this paper,the factors for SSTA development in finite sea area of low latitudes are discussed with simpler linearized equations,According to the coupling conditions at the interface of atmosphere and ocean,we studied the horizontal scale relations of air-sea coupled system satisfying the dynamical and thermodynamical requirements,From the fluctuation viewpoint,the relation of horizontal scales and wave numbers are presented for a linear atmosphere-ocean coupled system with the same time scales.At last part of the paper,the state of fluctuations is examined for different sea scales under certain given atmospheric scale with a simpler two-layer coupled model,and some significant results obtained.
1990, (2): 219-226.
Abstract:
In this paper,the outset,evolution and intensity of El Nino were analyzed.Different features were found in each El Nino process.The El Nino of 1986 was also analyzed and outlined.
In this paper,the outset,evolution and intensity of El Nino were analyzed.Different features were found in each El Nino process.The El Nino of 1986 was also analyzed and outlined.
1990, (2): 227-246.
Abstract:
Using a neutron activation analysis technique,which involves gamma-spectrometry with a Ge (Li) detector coupled to a S40 multichannel analyzer and interfaced to a PDP-11 computer,we determined thirty-eight elements in sediments from the lower reach (downstream from Jinan) and estuary of Huanghe.The results are discussed in this paper.
From inter-elemental correlations,it ts found that a large number of metals (Mn,As,Co,Cr,Cs,Rb,Sc,Ti,Ta,V and Zn) correlate positively with Fe.Ba and Ca correlate positively with Al.Whereas some elements (e.g.,Ti and lanthanides) show no correlation with either Fe or Al.On the other hand,Hf and Zr show a negative correlation with Fe.Elements which tend to be scavenged by Fe and Al colloids or suspended particles are enriched in sediments at the Huanghe Estuary relative to its lower reach.On the other hand,the contents of some elements (e.g.,Zr,Hf,U,Ba,etc.)are higher in sediments from the lower reach of Huanghe than in the estuarine sediments,which may be related to the sorting durig deposition of source materials.
Using a neutron activation analysis technique,which involves gamma-spectrometry with a Ge (Li) detector coupled to a S40 multichannel analyzer and interfaced to a PDP-11 computer,we determined thirty-eight elements in sediments from the lower reach (downstream from Jinan) and estuary of Huanghe.The results are discussed in this paper.
From inter-elemental correlations,it ts found that a large number of metals (Mn,As,Co,Cr,Cs,Rb,Sc,Ti,Ta,V and Zn) correlate positively with Fe.Ba and Ca correlate positively with Al.Whereas some elements (e.g.,Ti and lanthanides) show no correlation with either Fe or Al.On the other hand,Hf and Zr show a negative correlation with Fe.Elements which tend to be scavenged by Fe and Al colloids or suspended particles are enriched in sediments at the Huanghe Estuary relative to its lower reach.On the other hand,the contents of some elements (e.g.,Zr,Hf,U,Ba,etc.)are higher in sediments from the lower reach of Huanghe than in the estuarine sediments,which may be related to the sorting durig deposition of source materials.
1990, (2): 247-254.
Abstract:
Chemical forms of Ba are determined in samples of suspension and sediment from the Zhujiang Estuary.Their interfacial geochemical processes are discussed.Total suspended Ba content is between 2.4 and 40.4 μg/L,and mostly exists in the crystalline form (43.5%),secondly in the Fe-Mn oxidative form (23.1%).Percentages of organic,carbonate and exchangeable forms are 14.8%,11.l% and 7.4%,respectively.Total content of Ba in the sediment is between 158.6 and 48.0 ug/g.Percentages of crystalline form,Fe-Mn oxidative form and carbonate form are 78.4%,13.5% and 8.2%,respectively.Organic and exchangeable forms are not detected.The study on the mechanism of interfacial movement suggests that the salinity range of 10 is the turning point for the varied distribution of Ba.The subsidence of crystalline form affects the decrease of Ba content in suspension.The decrease mostly takes place in the salinity range lower than 10,which corresponds to the high value of Ba content in the sediment.
Chemical forms of Ba are determined in samples of suspension and sediment from the Zhujiang Estuary.Their interfacial geochemical processes are discussed.Total suspended Ba content is between 2.4 and 40.4 μg/L,and mostly exists in the crystalline form (43.5%),secondly in the Fe-Mn oxidative form (23.1%).Percentages of organic,carbonate and exchangeable forms are 14.8%,11.l% and 7.4%,respectively.Total content of Ba in the sediment is between 158.6 and 48.0 ug/g.Percentages of crystalline form,Fe-Mn oxidative form and carbonate form are 78.4%,13.5% and 8.2%,respectively.Organic and exchangeable forms are not detected.The study on the mechanism of interfacial movement suggests that the salinity range of 10 is the turning point for the varied distribution of Ba.The subsidence of crystalline form affects the decrease of Ba content in suspension.The decrease mostly takes place in the salinity range lower than 10,which corresponds to the high value of Ba content in the sediment.
1990, (2): 255-261.
Abstract:
An automatic flow analysis system with on-line liquid nitrogen trap,hydride generation and flame-less atomic absorption spectrophotometry was presented for the determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony in seawater.The experimental conditions such as acidity of reduction reaction,the amount of sodium borohydride,the flow rate of carry gas (high purity of nitrogen) were tested and selected optimally.The limit detection of the method presented was 0.15 ug/L for arsenic and 0.24 μ/L for antimony.During the determination of seawater samples with levels microgram arsenic and antimony pa litre the variation coefficient would be ±4% for arsenic and ±10% for antimony.The volume needed for one measurement was 9 mL for arsenic and 12 mL for antimony.The frequency of sample determination reached 20 times per hour for arsenic and 15 times per hour for antimony.
An automatic flow analysis system with on-line liquid nitrogen trap,hydride generation and flame-less atomic absorption spectrophotometry was presented for the determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony in seawater.The experimental conditions such as acidity of reduction reaction,the amount of sodium borohydride,the flow rate of carry gas (high purity of nitrogen) were tested and selected optimally.The limit detection of the method presented was 0.15 ug/L for arsenic and 0.24 μ/L for antimony.During the determination of seawater samples with levels microgram arsenic and antimony pa litre the variation coefficient would be ±4% for arsenic and ±10% for antimony.The volume needed for one measurement was 9 mL for arsenic and 12 mL for antimony.The frequency of sample determination reached 20 times per hour for arsenic and 15 times per hour for antimony.
1990, (2): 263-275.
Abstract:
This paper first presents a new potassium reagent and efficient enrichment agent for direct recovery of potassium from seawater,i.e.,1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzen -O,O',O",O'"-tetraacetic acid (TTAH4).The synthetic method of TTAH4,its enrichment behaviour for potassium ion in low concentration solution and seawater,and the chemical structure of its corresponding potassium salt have been investigated.A mechanism which caused the uptake of potassium ion is suggested.Elementary analysis and IR-spectrum determination of the potassium salt proved correct evidence for a polynuclear complex,i.e., (TTAH3K)n.Thus,the mechanism which caused the uptake of potassium ion may be interpreted in terms of the formation of polynuclear chains as a continual sandwich type coordination complex.
This paper first presents a new potassium reagent and efficient enrichment agent for direct recovery of potassium from seawater,i.e.,1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzen -O,O',O",O'"-tetraacetic acid (TTAH4).The synthetic method of TTAH4,its enrichment behaviour for potassium ion in low concentration solution and seawater,and the chemical structure of its corresponding potassium salt have been investigated.A mechanism which caused the uptake of potassium ion is suggested.Elementary analysis and IR-spectrum determination of the potassium salt proved correct evidence for a polynuclear complex,i.e., (TTAH3K)n.Thus,the mechanism which caused the uptake of potassium ion may be interpreted in terms of the formation of polynuclear chains as a continual sandwich type coordination complex.
1990, (2): 277-282.
Abstract:
The concentration and partition ratio of various speciations of nutrients in domestic sewage were determined.The transformation and transportation among the speciations,as well as their biological effects during sewage-seawater mixing were simulated in laboratory.The results are compared with field observation and the following findings are:ⅰ) The suitable range of ratio DIN/DIP in seawater for growth of phytoplankton in subtropical estuary and harbor is quite wide.It could grow well even in the range of 15-55 in atom ratio,and is independ of the variation in levels of N and P.ⅱ) The transformation rate among the speciations of phosphorus is within the range of 0.5 to 1.1 μmol/d.ⅲ) Phytoplankton uptakes P prior to N during its growth.The growth rate for Skeletonema costatum (the major species) and field algae are 0.34-0.58/d and 0.30-0.31/d,respectively.ⅳ) The red tide species Prorocentrum micans could become the dominant species to a density 107 cells/L after Skeletonema costatum blooms and phosphorus is almost exhausted.
The concentration and partition ratio of various speciations of nutrients in domestic sewage were determined.The transformation and transportation among the speciations,as well as their biological effects during sewage-seawater mixing were simulated in laboratory.The results are compared with field observation and the following findings are:ⅰ) The suitable range of ratio DIN/DIP in seawater for growth of phytoplankton in subtropical estuary and harbor is quite wide.It could grow well even in the range of 15-55 in atom ratio,and is independ of the variation in levels of N and P.ⅱ) The transformation rate among the speciations of phosphorus is within the range of 0.5 to 1.1 μmol/d.ⅲ) Phytoplankton uptakes P prior to N during its growth.The growth rate for Skeletonema costatum (the major species) and field algae are 0.34-0.58/d and 0.30-0.31/d,respectively.ⅳ) The red tide species Prorocentrum micans could become the dominant species to a density 107 cells/L after Skeletonema costatum blooms and phosphorus is almost exhausted.
1990, (2): 283-292.
Abstract:
In this paper,the morphogenesis,stratigraphic sequences and dates of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea are discussed,the position of the distributary regions of Cenozoic coral reefs in plate tectonics,the relationships of coral-reef evolutionary characteristics and dates with sea-basin spreading.Neogene sea-water transgression and Quaternary global climate-eustatic fluctuation are expounded and proved,and the latitudinal variation of the distribution of coral reefs in various geologic times are summed up.
In this paper,the morphogenesis,stratigraphic sequences and dates of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea are discussed,the position of the distributary regions of Cenozoic coral reefs in plate tectonics,the relationships of coral-reef evolutionary characteristics and dates with sea-basin spreading.Neogene sea-water transgression and Quaternary global climate-eustatic fluctuation are expounded and proved,and the latitudinal variation of the distribution of coral reefs in various geologic times are summed up.
1990, (2): 293-302.
Abstract:
Among four species of Littorinid,Littorina scabra,L.brevicula,Nodiliitorina millegrana and N.pyramidalis pyramidalis,on the hard intertidal zone in the Jiulong Estuary,Fujian,L.scabra has the most extensive distribution both vertically and horizontally,and the highest anual average density.The uppermost limit of vertical distribution of N.pyramidalis pyramidalis is higher than the other three Littorinid.Desiccation is a main factor affecting the uppermost limit of vertical distribution of the Littorinid.The increasing wave action will raise the uppermost limit vertical distribution of Littorinid.With seasonal changes,the densities of the Littorinid also change in different tidal zonations.Difference in salinity is the main factor affecting the horizontal distribution of the Littorinid in the estuary.
Among four species of Littorinid,Littorina scabra,L.brevicula,Nodiliitorina millegrana and N.pyramidalis pyramidalis,on the hard intertidal zone in the Jiulong Estuary,Fujian,L.scabra has the most extensive distribution both vertically and horizontally,and the highest anual average density.The uppermost limit of vertical distribution of N.pyramidalis pyramidalis is higher than the other three Littorinid.Desiccation is a main factor affecting the uppermost limit of vertical distribution of the Littorinid.The increasing wave action will raise the uppermost limit vertical distribution of Littorinid.With seasonal changes,the densities of the Littorinid also change in different tidal zonations.Difference in salinity is the main factor affecting the horizontal distribution of the Littorinid in the estuary.
1990, (2): 303-313.
Abstract:
On the basis of the data obtained from the surveys in the Bohai Sea during 1982-1983,this paper analysed and discussed the distribution and seasonal variation of primary productivity in the Bohai Sea,and the correlations between the primary productivity and environmental factors.The organic carbon production and prospect of fishery production in the waters of this sea are estimated.It is shown that,there exists production patential in the Bohai Sea,the primary production is 112 gC/ (m2·a)the production of organic carbon being 10 million ton per year,the fishery yields 1 million ton and the maximum catch of sea products 0.5 million ton.The results of the investigation can serve as the basic data for the exploitation,utilization and management of the fishery resources in the Bohai Sea.
On the basis of the data obtained from the surveys in the Bohai Sea during 1982-1983,this paper analysed and discussed the distribution and seasonal variation of primary productivity in the Bohai Sea,and the correlations between the primary productivity and environmental factors.The organic carbon production and prospect of fishery production in the waters of this sea are estimated.It is shown that,there exists production patential in the Bohai Sea,the primary production is 112 gC/ (m2·a)the production of organic carbon being 10 million ton per year,the fishery yields 1 million ton and the maximum catch of sea products 0.5 million ton.The results of the investigation can serve as the basic data for the exploitation,utilization and management of the fishery resources in the Bohai Sea.
