1987 Vol. 6, No. 2
Display Method:
1987, (2): 161-168.
Abstract:
The mean energy flux of progressive gravity waves of finite amplitude in water of arbitrary uniform depth is accurately partitioned by a relative simple method. It is comfirmed by calculation of the mean energy flux that the energy flux is chiefly due to the work done by the pressure forces of fluid. However, sometimes the energy fluxes caused by the kinetic energy and potential energy also possess fair percentage, and in the extreme case they may reach about 30% of the total energy flux. In this paper the error due to the commonly used small-amplitude theory being applied to the calculation of the energy flux is discussed in detail. In addition, the method of the energy flux partition is applicable to the cases of both finite and infinite water depth, and it is far more simple and direct than the method used by Starr and Platzman.
The mean energy flux of progressive gravity waves of finite amplitude in water of arbitrary uniform depth is accurately partitioned by a relative simple method. It is comfirmed by calculation of the mean energy flux that the energy flux is chiefly due to the work done by the pressure forces of fluid. However, sometimes the energy fluxes caused by the kinetic energy and potential energy also possess fair percentage, and in the extreme case they may reach about 30% of the total energy flux. In this paper the error due to the commonly used small-amplitude theory being applied to the calculation of the energy flux is discussed in detail. In addition, the method of the energy flux partition is applicable to the cases of both finite and infinite water depth, and it is far more simple and direct than the method used by Starr and Platzman.
PROPAGATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF NON-LINEAR WAVES ON UNIFORMLY SLOPING BEACHES Ⅱ. BREAKING OF WAVES
1987, (2): 169-176.
Abstract:
In this paper, a systematic discussion based on the theory proposed in the preceding paper[1] is given for such breaking characteristics on sloping beaches as breaking depths and breaker heights. Through introducing two empirical constants and considering the complicatedness of the subject studied, the final results are in good agreement with observations. Further experimental verification and theoretical study are necessary.
In this paper, a systematic discussion based on the theory proposed in the preceding paper[1] is given for such breaking characteristics on sloping beaches as breaking depths and breaker heights. Through introducing two empirical constants and considering the complicatedness of the subject studied, the final results are in good agreement with observations. Further experimental verification and theoretical study are necessary.
1987, (2): 177-189.
Abstract:
On the basis of the results from special investigations and relevant historical data, a description is given to the structure, mixing and shifts of the coastal upwelling front off Zhejiang. It is concluded that such shifts are primarily caused by the horizontal position and strength variation of the Taiwan Warm Current, with winds playing a secondary role. Janowitz's theory of topography-induced upwelling is applied to analyzing the formation of the Zhejiang coastal upwelling.
On the basis of the results from special investigations and relevant historical data, a description is given to the structure, mixing and shifts of the coastal upwelling front off Zhejiang. It is concluded that such shifts are primarily caused by the horizontal position and strength variation of the Taiwan Warm Current, with winds playing a secondary role. Janowitz's theory of topography-induced upwelling is applied to analyzing the formation of the Zhejiang coastal upwelling.
1987, (2): 190-195.
Abstract:
This paper is based on the data for the period from 1953 to 1977, which are the monthly averaged ice cover in the Arctic area within 160°E-110°W and north of 50°N, the areal index of the North Pacific subtropical high and the monthly averaged sea surface temperature of the North Pacific. A statistical analysis of the lag correlations between the polar ice from November to July and the sea surface temperature from January to July, and the sea surface temperature from January to July and the subtropical high lagging zero through eleven months is performed.
The analysis shows that the lag correlation regions between the polar ice during spring and the sea surface temperature almost coincide with the regions of the California Current and the paitial north equatorial current, and the regions of the California Current and the partial north equatorial current coincide with the principal lag correlation regions between the sea surface temperature and the subtropical high. All the results suggest that the transfer action of the ocean current is a probable avenue of the effect to polar ice on North Pacific subtropical high.
This paper is based on the data for the period from 1953 to 1977, which are the monthly averaged ice cover in the Arctic area within 160°E-110°W and north of 50°N, the areal index of the North Pacific subtropical high and the monthly averaged sea surface temperature of the North Pacific. A statistical analysis of the lag correlations between the polar ice from November to July and the sea surface temperature from January to July, and the sea surface temperature from January to July and the subtropical high lagging zero through eleven months is performed.
The analysis shows that the lag correlation regions between the polar ice during spring and the sea surface temperature almost coincide with the regions of the California Current and the paitial north equatorial current, and the regions of the California Current and the partial north equatorial current coincide with the principal lag correlation regions between the sea surface temperature and the subtropical high. All the results suggest that the transfer action of the ocean current is a probable avenue of the effect to polar ice on North Pacific subtropical high.
1987, (2): 196-204.
Abstract:
By means of the proposed nonlinear diagnostic dynamic model for the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind field, an introduction is given to the MOD method for wind prediction. Based on the MOD experiments on the surface wind field over the Northern Pacific Ocean from April to October 1985, it is concluded that the nonlinear diagnostic dynamic model used is better than the linear one.
By means of the proposed nonlinear diagnostic dynamic model for the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind field, an introduction is given to the MOD method for wind prediction. Based on the MOD experiments on the surface wind field over the Northern Pacific Ocean from April to October 1985, it is concluded that the nonlinear diagnostic dynamic model used is better than the linear one.
1987, (2): 205-214.
Abstract:
Determinded in this paper are 18 isotherms of Cu2+ and Pb2+ partitioning between liquid and solid (kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite), all proved to be "ion exchange-precipitation" isotherms. This is a new type of isotherms in marine chemistry. We have used the modified BET and Tóth equations to describe them. In this paper, we proposed the third expression, i. e. de Boer-Zwikker equation. Theoretically, this method has a proper chemical model. Practically, it is simple and easy to compare with experimental data.
Determinded in this paper are 18 isotherms of Cu2+ and Pb2+ partitioning between liquid and solid (kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite), all proved to be "ion exchange-precipitation" isotherms. This is a new type of isotherms in marine chemistry. We have used the modified BET and Tóth equations to describe them. In this paper, we proposed the third expression, i. e. de Boer-Zwikker equation. Theoretically, this method has a proper chemical model. Practically, it is simple and easy to compare with experimental data.
1987, (2): 311-312.
Abstract:
1987, (2): 313-313.
Abstract:
1987, (2): 215-221.
Abstract:
Of the diatoms from sediments of the South China Sea, mainly composed of planktonic species of tropical and subtropical zones, 36 genera and 86 species are identified. Based on the changes in diatom numbers and the appearance of diatom assemblages, six diatom zones are distinguished in Core V1 reflecting six phases of paleoclimatc, paleo-watertemperature and paleogeography. According to the Quaternary climatic division, these zones represent hot weather and warm weather as a whole, and they are separately equal to postglacial period, the Holocene; Wurm glacial period; Riss-Wurm interglacial period; and Riss glacial period, the Late Pleistocene.
Of the diatoms from sediments of the South China Sea, mainly composed of planktonic species of tropical and subtropical zones, 36 genera and 86 species are identified. Based on the changes in diatom numbers and the appearance of diatom assemblages, six diatom zones are distinguished in Core V1 reflecting six phases of paleoclimatc, paleo-watertemperature and paleogeography. According to the Quaternary climatic division, these zones represent hot weather and warm weather as a whole, and they are separately equal to postglacial period, the Holocene; Wurm glacial period; Riss-Wurm interglacial period; and Riss glacial period, the Late Pleistocene.
1987, (2): 222-228.
Abstract:
Fossil diatom groups from 85 samples of drill holes and 13 samples of the known depositional environment are analysed. The boundary of the Zhujiang Delta is discussed from the distribution of fossil diatom. The horizonal variation of Holocene sedimentary facies can be divided into four kinds of depositional environment corresponding to the delta plain subfacies and the delta front subfacies. The vertical variation of Holocene depositional facies shows twice changes of transgression from weak to vigorous.
Fossil diatom groups from 85 samples of drill holes and 13 samples of the known depositional environment are analysed. The boundary of the Zhujiang Delta is discussed from the distribution of fossil diatom. The horizonal variation of Holocene sedimentary facies can be divided into four kinds of depositional environment corresponding to the delta plain subfacies and the delta front subfacies. The vertical variation of Holocene depositional facies shows twice changes of transgression from weak to vigorous.
1987, (2): 229-234.
Abstract:
A series of eight tracer experiments were carried out over one year (1983) on a low energy, macro-tidal beach in South Wales, UK. Tracer movement was monitored and 30 pebbles adjacent to coloured tracer pebbles were measured. Measurements were of the A, B, and C axes, roundness, Maximum Projection Sphericity and Oblate-Prolate indices. Analysis shows that through time, the percentage rejection of these properties increased. It is theorised that the surface tracers are ‘misfits’ or ‘rejects’ which have not found their equilibrium position in the pebble facies.
A series of eight tracer experiments were carried out over one year (1983) on a low energy, macro-tidal beach in South Wales, UK. Tracer movement was monitored and 30 pebbles adjacent to coloured tracer pebbles were measured. Measurements were of the A, B, and C axes, roundness, Maximum Projection Sphericity and Oblate-Prolate indices. Analysis shows that through time, the percentage rejection of these properties increased. It is theorised that the surface tracers are ‘misfits’ or ‘rejects’ which have not found their equilibrium position in the pebble facies.
1987, (2): 235-248.
Abstract:
Sand island or cay is the dominant type of coral reef islands in the South China Sea. This paper gives in detail the sand islands composed of loose accumulational materials on the atoll reef flats in the Xisha Islands, their types, characteristics of morphological structure and evolutional pattern and dynamics.
Sand island or cay is the dominant type of coral reef islands in the South China Sea. This paper gives in detail the sand islands composed of loose accumulational materials on the atoll reef flats in the Xisha Islands, their types, characteristics of morphological structure and evolutional pattern and dynamics.
1987, (2): 249-256.
Abstract:
Monthly collected water samples from two different stations in the Xiamen Harbor in one whole year were analysed for crude oil and diesel oil degradation by nature microbe flora. The results indicate that the difference between degradation rates of the two stations is related to the material type, temperature, oil degradation bacteria counts of the environment and season. The degradation velocity of diesel and crude oil in seawater is influenced by microbial degradation time. The calculated degradation velocity of crude oil and diesel oil by natural microbe flora in Xiamen Harbor sea areas based on the measured degradation rates were 0.02-0.19g/d·m2 and 0.004-0.61 g/d·m2 respectively. This provides, to a certain extent, a scientific basis for preliminary evaluation of the oil pollutant purification capacity of the described sea areas.
Monthly collected water samples from two different stations in the Xiamen Harbor in one whole year were analysed for crude oil and diesel oil degradation by nature microbe flora. The results indicate that the difference between degradation rates of the two stations is related to the material type, temperature, oil degradation bacteria counts of the environment and season. The degradation velocity of diesel and crude oil in seawater is influenced by microbial degradation time. The calculated degradation velocity of crude oil and diesel oil by natural microbe flora in Xiamen Harbor sea areas based on the measured degradation rates were 0.02-0.19g/d·m2 and 0.004-0.61 g/d·m2 respectively. This provides, to a certain extent, a scientific basis for preliminary evaluation of the oil pollutant purification capacity of the described sea areas.
1987, (2): 257-265.
Abstract:
The ultrastructural changes of the oogenesis in Capitella capitata are described. The developing oocytes undergo obvious ultrastructural changes during the process of oogenesis, which include:the formation or differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, endocytotic pits, vesicles and the surface of the cell. The evidence demonstrates that these changes are connected with the process of yolk synthesis which occures largely within the ovary by means of autosynthesis and heterosynthesis. The results show that the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum within both the oocytes and the follicle cells are involved in the yolk synthesis and transformation of probable yolk precursors. In summary, the similarities of oogenesis in the sibling species of Capitella suggest that there is a very close evolutionary relationship between them.
The ultrastructural changes of the oogenesis in Capitella capitata are described. The developing oocytes undergo obvious ultrastructural changes during the process of oogenesis, which include:the formation or differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, endocytotic pits, vesicles and the surface of the cell. The evidence demonstrates that these changes are connected with the process of yolk synthesis which occures largely within the ovary by means of autosynthesis and heterosynthesis. The results show that the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum within both the oocytes and the follicle cells are involved in the yolk synthesis and transformation of probable yolk precursors. In summary, the similarities of oogenesis in the sibling species of Capitella suggest that there is a very close evolutionary relationship between them.
1987, (2): 266-272.
Abstract:
The method of acoustic backscattering measurement from different parts of fish using the focus array of transducer developed recently is described in this paper. The results of the measurements of several kinds of flsh are given in this paper, indicating that the backscattering from fish is closely relative to the anatomy of fish. Its application in forming backscattering model of fish and that in using this model to obtain the information of fish kinds by the echoes from fish sonar are discussed.
The method of acoustic backscattering measurement from different parts of fish using the focus array of transducer developed recently is described in this paper. The results of the measurements of several kinds of flsh are given in this paper, indicating that the backscattering from fish is closely relative to the anatomy of fish. Its application in forming backscattering model of fish and that in using this model to obtain the information of fish kinds by the echoes from fish sonar are discussed.
1987, (2): 273-280.
Abstract:
During the expedition from Dec. 1981 to Feb. 1982, Dry Valley, Victoria and Ross Island Beach in Antarctica were visited. From ten stations samples of water, soil, snows and seawater were collected, from which heterotrophic microbes (including bacteria, yeast and fungi) were isolated and identified. Results show that there are ten genera of bacteria, nine genera of yeast and nine genera of fungi. Most of the strains grow at the temperatures of 20℃ and 5℃, while a few grow only below 5℃. More bacterial genera were isolated from the beach and nearby lakes than those from the inland Dry Valley, indicating the relations between the strain composition and geographical location and environmental conditions of the polar zone.
During the expedition from Dec. 1981 to Feb. 1982, Dry Valley, Victoria and Ross Island Beach in Antarctica were visited. From ten stations samples of water, soil, snows and seawater were collected, from which heterotrophic microbes (including bacteria, yeast and fungi) were isolated and identified. Results show that there are ten genera of bacteria, nine genera of yeast and nine genera of fungi. Most of the strains grow at the temperatures of 20℃ and 5℃, while a few grow only below 5℃. More bacterial genera were isolated from the beach and nearby lakes than those from the inland Dry Valley, indicating the relations between the strain composition and geographical location and environmental conditions of the polar zone.
1987, (2): 281-291.
Abstract:
The crude enzyme, which was extracted from viscera of Lunella coronata coreensis (Recluz), was salted out and dialysed. Three enzymatic peaks isolated from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography were refered to as lyase Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Then these lyases underwent gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25 respectively, and three purer lyases were derived therefrom, the highest purification being 73 fold.
The kinetics of the three lyases was tested respectively. The optimum pH was as follows:lyase Ⅰ was 7.6±0.02 Tris-HCl buffer; lyase Ⅱ was 6.6±0.02 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer; and lyase Ⅲ was 5.6±0.02 HAc-NaAc buffer. In the rang of tested concentration, KCl and Nad were the activator and MnCl2 was the inhibitor, all for the three lyases; MgCl2 was the activator for lyases Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but the MgCl2 of high concentration was the inhibitor for lyase Ⅲ; Pb (OAc)2 acted differently for three lyases. The Km values of these lyases were 0.2, 0.6 and 0.04 mg/ml in order of precedence.
The crude enzyme, which was extracted from viscera of Lunella coronata coreensis (Recluz), was salted out and dialysed. Three enzymatic peaks isolated from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography were refered to as lyase Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Then these lyases underwent gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25 respectively, and three purer lyases were derived therefrom, the highest purification being 73 fold.
The kinetics of the three lyases was tested respectively. The optimum pH was as follows:lyase Ⅰ was 7.6±0.02 Tris-HCl buffer; lyase Ⅱ was 6.6±0.02 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer; and lyase Ⅲ was 5.6±0.02 HAc-NaAc buffer. In the rang of tested concentration, KCl and Nad were the activator and MnCl2 was the inhibitor, all for the three lyases; MgCl2 was the activator for lyases Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but the MgCl2 of high concentration was the inhibitor for lyase Ⅲ; Pb (OAc)2 acted differently for three lyases. The Km values of these lyases were 0.2, 0.6 and 0.04 mg/ml in order of precedence.
1987, (2): 292-303.
Abstract:
The diurnal vertical migration of planktonic crustaceans may be divided into two types:Type 1, species with marked diurnal vertical migration; Type 2, species without marked diurnal vertical migration. The former may be further grouped into three patterns:Pattern 1, sinking by day and rising by night; Pattern 2, rising by dawn and evening and sinking by day and midnight; Pattern 3, rising by day and sinking by night. The latter may be further grouped into the following three patterns:Pattern 1, surface layer distribution; Pattern 2, bottom layer distribution; Pattern 3, even distribution between the surface and bottom layers. Among these patterns the two most common ones appear to be the sinking by day and rising by night' and the surface layer distribution. Most of the females are no more marked in the diurnal vertical migration than males in the Xiamen Harbour. The diurnal vertical migration of the animal become more and more conspicuous with the increase of the ages and varies markedly with seasons.Among the environmental factors affecting the diurnal vcrtical migration, light appears to be the most important. Salinity discontinuity layers may restrict the upward or downward movements of the animals.
The diurnal vertical migration of planktonic crustaceans may be divided into two types:Type 1, species with marked diurnal vertical migration; Type 2, species without marked diurnal vertical migration. The former may be further grouped into three patterns:Pattern 1, sinking by day and rising by night; Pattern 2, rising by dawn and evening and sinking by day and midnight; Pattern 3, rising by day and sinking by night. The latter may be further grouped into the following three patterns:Pattern 1, surface layer distribution; Pattern 2, bottom layer distribution; Pattern 3, even distribution between the surface and bottom layers. Among these patterns the two most common ones appear to be the sinking by day and rising by night' and the surface layer distribution. Most of the females are no more marked in the diurnal vertical migration than males in the Xiamen Harbour. The diurnal vertical migration of the animal become more and more conspicuous with the increase of the ages and varies markedly with seasons.Among the environmental factors affecting the diurnal vcrtical migration, light appears to be the most important. Salinity discontinuity layers may restrict the upward or downward movements of the animals.
A Study of the Hemolytic and Antihemolytic Active Matters From the Serum of Sea Snakes in Beibu Gulf
1987, (2): 313-313.
Abstract:
1987, (2): 304-310.
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of cyclic triaxial test for the South-Sea sand, a comprehensive normalized model of soil stress-strain relationship is presented herein, which includes effects of not only initial stress states but also loading cycles. Consequently, a pseudo-static procedure to analyse the deformation behavior of foundations is suggested. Example of calculations shows that the suggested procedure is convenient in application.
Based on the analysis of cyclic triaxial test for the South-Sea sand, a comprehensive normalized model of soil stress-strain relationship is presented herein, which includes effects of not only initial stress states but also loading cycles. Consequently, a pseudo-static procedure to analyse the deformation behavior of foundations is suggested. Example of calculations shows that the suggested procedure is convenient in application.
