1986 Vol. 5, No. 4
Display Method:
1986, (4): 475-485.
Abstract:
Linear wave equations for incompressible ideal homogeneous fluid are derived without making the assumptions of irrotation and hydrostatic pressure. The obtained equations are suitable for arbitrary bottom topography. Unified solutions of the existing waves in uniform-depth waters are found from those equations. Discussions about the above assumptions are made. Magnitude order of the error caused by the assumption of hydrostatic pressure is given.
Linear wave equations for incompressible ideal homogeneous fluid are derived without making the assumptions of irrotation and hydrostatic pressure. The obtained equations are suitable for arbitrary bottom topography. Unified solutions of the existing waves in uniform-depth waters are found from those equations. Discussions about the above assumptions are made. Magnitude order of the error caused by the assumption of hydrostatic pressure is given.
1986, (4): 486-495.
Abstract:
Seasonal variations in tidal harmonic constants are found to be significant in shelf seas and can be represented by adding a series of astrometeorological constituents (AMC) to the astronomical constituents (AC). The relation of AMC and corresponding AC to their resultant constituents (RC) is examined and the seasonal variation of RC is described by modulation ellipses. The values of AMC in the Bohai Sea are calculated and the major features of AMC in the Bohai Sea are analyzed. The dynamic factors which cause AMC are examined by means of numerical experiments.
Seasonal variations in tidal harmonic constants are found to be significant in shelf seas and can be represented by adding a series of astrometeorological constituents (AMC) to the astronomical constituents (AC). The relation of AMC and corresponding AC to their resultant constituents (RC) is examined and the seasonal variation of RC is described by modulation ellipses. The values of AMC in the Bohai Sea are calculated and the major features of AMC in the Bohai Sea are analyzed. The dynamic factors which cause AMC are examined by means of numerical experiments.
1986, (4): 496-507.
Abstract:
Based on the momentum equations, the turbulence stresses and eddy viscosities along five sections in Hangzhou Bay are estimated by using the observed data of tidal currents and tides. The coefficient of bottom stresses obtained from the calculation is 0.67×10-3 on the average and the vertical profiles of the amplitudes of turbulence stresses are almost linear and slight concave downwards, and the phases are deferred continuously from sea-bed. The coefficient of vertical eddy viscosity reaches its maximum at the layer below the mid-depth with a value of about 60 cm2s-1 on the average.
Based on the momentum equations, the turbulence stresses and eddy viscosities along five sections in Hangzhou Bay are estimated by using the observed data of tidal currents and tides. The coefficient of bottom stresses obtained from the calculation is 0.67×10-3 on the average and the vertical profiles of the amplitudes of turbulence stresses are almost linear and slight concave downwards, and the phases are deferred continuously from sea-bed. The coefficient of vertical eddy viscosity reaches its maximum at the layer below the mid-depth with a value of about 60 cm2s-1 on the average.
1986, (4): 508-516.
Abstract:
In this paper, the method of operator splitte is applied to simulate the tidal flow in the Hangzhou Bay. Different schemes of splitting have been devised and compared.
Results of the study indicate that good simulation can be achieved. Besides being simpler in form, this method is flexible and allows much freedom in selecting the mode of splitting and the scheme of computation.
In this paper, the method of operator splitte is applied to simulate the tidal flow in the Hangzhou Bay. Different schemes of splitting have been devised and compared.
Results of the study indicate that good simulation can be achieved. Besides being simpler in form, this method is flexible and allows much freedom in selecting the mode of splitting and the scheme of computation.
1986, (4): 517-521.
Abstract:
The 1982-1983 El Niño event is examined in comparison with the other El Niño events in 1949-1983. The relationships of subtropical high to the sea surface temperature (SST) show the important influence of the atter, which vaired with the characters of El Niño events.
The 1982-1983 El Niño event is examined in comparison with the other El Niño events in 1949-1983. The relationships of subtropical high to the sea surface temperature (SST) show the important influence of the atter, which vaired with the characters of El Niño events.
1986, (4): 522-529.
Abstract:
Factor analysis was used to distinguish the major sources of the marine aerosol in Bermuda atmosphere. The data investigated from Bermuda were best represented by three sourses:pollution derived from North America, weathered crustal material from North Africa, and marine source from the sea spray.
Factor analysis was used to distinguish the major sources of the marine aerosol in Bermuda atmosphere. The data investigated from Bermuda were best represented by three sourses:pollution derived from North America, weathered crustal material from North Africa, and marine source from the sea spray.
1986, (4): 530-536.
Abstract:
A method for determination of malathion in natural water by cathodic stripping voltammetry using mercury film electrode is suggested in this paper. The method is based on the quantitative formation of {(CH3O)2-P〈SS}- group generated by malathion as a result of elimination reaction in the ethanol solution of sodium hydroxide. The group is similar to sulphide in electrochemical properties, and can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Interference from inorganic sulphide is prevented by the addition of Hg(NO3)2. This method has been applied to the determination of residual malathion in natural water (e. g. the sea, rivers, lakes, etc.). The waveheight is directly proportional to the malathion concentration within the range 5×10-9-1×10-7 mol/L. The method is simple and rapid, and the results of water sample determination is quite in accord with those of Gas Chromatograph.
A method for determination of malathion in natural water by cathodic stripping voltammetry using mercury film electrode is suggested in this paper. The method is based on the quantitative formation of {(CH3O)2-P〈SS}- group generated by malathion as a result of elimination reaction in the ethanol solution of sodium hydroxide. The group is similar to sulphide in electrochemical properties, and can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Interference from inorganic sulphide is prevented by the addition of Hg(NO3)2. This method has been applied to the determination of residual malathion in natural water (e. g. the sea, rivers, lakes, etc.). The waveheight is directly proportional to the malathion concentration within the range 5×10-9-1×10-7 mol/L. The method is simple and rapid, and the results of water sample determination is quite in accord with those of Gas Chromatograph.
1986, (4): 537-542.
Abstract:
The formative mechanism of the minimum value of dissolved oxygen in its vertical distribution in the Pacific Ocean is systematically discussed according to distributive characteristics of oxygen and relative parameters. The t and σt thermoclines of certain intensity controlled by water temperature is an elemental cause of forming minimum value of dissolved oxygen in the Pacific Ocean, whose genesis model of minimum value is presented by the author.
The formative mechanism of the minimum value of dissolved oxygen in its vertical distribution in the Pacific Ocean is systematically discussed according to distributive characteristics of oxygen and relative parameters. The t and σt thermoclines of certain intensity controlled by water temperature is an elemental cause of forming minimum value of dissolved oxygen in the Pacific Ocean, whose genesis model of minimum value is presented by the author.
1986, (4): 543-551.
Abstract:
The contents of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in manganese nodules and associated pelagic sediment from the Northern Central Pacific have been measured, and the correlations between the elements of the nodules and between the chemical composition and the sedimentary environments have been analyzed. It has been found that Cu, Ni and Zn are preferentially enriched in the Mn-oxide phases while Co and Pb in the Fe-oxide phases of the nodules. The elements within the same phase are positively correlated and the elements within different phases are negatively correlated. It is concluded that the elements in the Fe-oxide phase may have directly deposited from seawater while Mn-oxide phase elements are mainly derived from interstitial waters.
The contents of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in manganese nodules and associated pelagic sediment from the Northern Central Pacific have been measured, and the correlations between the elements of the nodules and between the chemical composition and the sedimentary environments have been analyzed. It has been found that Cu, Ni and Zn are preferentially enriched in the Mn-oxide phases while Co and Pb in the Fe-oxide phases of the nodules. The elements within the same phase are positively correlated and the elements within different phases are negatively correlated. It is concluded that the elements in the Fe-oxide phase may have directly deposited from seawater while Mn-oxide phase elements are mainly derived from interstitial waters.
1986, (4): 552-562.
Abstract:
No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fiji Basin.
No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fiji Basin.
1986, (4): 563-571.
Abstract:
In this paper the physical properties, chemical and mineral compositions of Huanghai glauconites are dealt with, and several factors associated with the growth of Huanghai glauconite are discussed, such as the type of bottom sediments, rate of sedimentation and the oxidation. Thus, a preliminary understanding of the growth of Huanghai glauconite is put forward.
In this paper the physical properties, chemical and mineral compositions of Huanghai glauconites are dealt with, and several factors associated with the growth of Huanghai glauconite are discussed, such as the type of bottom sediments, rate of sedimentation and the oxidation. Thus, a preliminary understanding of the growth of Huanghai glauconite is put forward.
1986, (4): 572-583.
Abstract:
In this paper the distributional patterns of fern spores are discussed based on 132 surface sediment samples and core samples of 48 sites taken from the outer shelf of the East China Sea and part area of the southern Huanghai Sea, which covers the area between Lat. 26°30'-34°N and Long. 123°-128°E. In general the content of fern spore in the surficial sediments increases from west to east of the area studied. The greatest abundance occurs at the nearby Long. 126°E and then progressively decreases eastwards. There is a decrease tendency in abundance of fern spores from north to south. In the cores, the abundance of fern spores decreases from the upper part to the lower part. The changes in the composition of fern spores are corresponding to their abundance.
From the study of fern spores it has been shown that the sporo-pollen assemblage of the Holocene in a given area is mainly composed of fern spores. Thus, the boundary between the Holocene to the Pleistocene in the area studied can be recognized by the abundance and composition of fern spores.
In addition, the relationship between the fern spore and current action as well as material source in the outer shelf of the East China Sea are also discussed.
In this paper the distributional patterns of fern spores are discussed based on 132 surface sediment samples and core samples of 48 sites taken from the outer shelf of the East China Sea and part area of the southern Huanghai Sea, which covers the area between Lat. 26°30'-34°N and Long. 123°-128°E. In general the content of fern spore in the surficial sediments increases from west to east of the area studied. The greatest abundance occurs at the nearby Long. 126°E and then progressively decreases eastwards. There is a decrease tendency in abundance of fern spores from north to south. In the cores, the abundance of fern spores decreases from the upper part to the lower part. The changes in the composition of fern spores are corresponding to their abundance.
From the study of fern spores it has been shown that the sporo-pollen assemblage of the Holocene in a given area is mainly composed of fern spores. Thus, the boundary between the Holocene to the Pleistocene in the area studied can be recognized by the abundance and composition of fern spores.
In addition, the relationship between the fern spore and current action as well as material source in the outer shelf of the East China Sea are also discussed.
1986, (4): 584-592.
Abstract:
A CEE (2.5 m by 16 m) has been used to study the budget of organic production by measuring the changes in POC/N, oxygen and 14CO2 uptake through three-week period. 14C primary production measurements were conducted with 4-hours and 24-hours incubation periods, and with size fractionation. Different types and sizes of bottle effects were examined. Results showed that the oxygen method production was highest, followed by the 14CO2 uptake method, and POC gain showed the lowest. The value of PQ should be more than 1.7. The ratio of 4-hour incubation to 24-hour incubation was 2.42±0.22, indicating that net daily production is equal to 9.7±0.9 h of illuminated growth. Different types and sizes of bottles had little effect on primary production.
A CEE (2.5 m by 16 m) has been used to study the budget of organic production by measuring the changes in POC/N, oxygen and 14CO2 uptake through three-week period. 14C primary production measurements were conducted with 4-hours and 24-hours incubation periods, and with size fractionation. Different types and sizes of bottle effects were examined. Results showed that the oxygen method production was highest, followed by the 14CO2 uptake method, and POC gain showed the lowest. The value of PQ should be more than 1.7. The ratio of 4-hour incubation to 24-hour incubation was 2.42±0.22, indicating that net daily production is equal to 9.7±0.9 h of illuminated growth. Different types and sizes of bottles had little effect on primary production.
1986, (4): 593-602.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with the age and growth of P. yokohamae, whose specimens were collected monthly from April 1982 to May 1983 by trawl in the Bohai Sea. In the study the age and growth of P. yokohamae is determined by annual ring on otolith. On the basis of calculation of monthly changes in appearing frequency for opaque zones on the otolith edgs it is determined that the annual ring of P. yokohamae is formed in January-March every year.
The relation of the standard length to the body weight is W=3.2×10-5L2.3018. The relationship between the otolith radius and the standard length is R=-5.43×10-3+1.71×10-2L-1.20×10-5L2. The growth for this species is expressed by von-Bertalanffy equation, Lt=L∞[1-e-K(t-t0)], where L∞=418mm, t0=-0.7475 and K=0.252.
The P. yokohamae grows faster at the age of 1-2, but slower after two years old. The coordinate of weight-growth inflexion point is at t=3.84 and W=386 g.
The present paper deals with the age and growth of P. yokohamae, whose specimens were collected monthly from April 1982 to May 1983 by trawl in the Bohai Sea. In the study the age and growth of P. yokohamae is determined by annual ring on otolith. On the basis of calculation of monthly changes in appearing frequency for opaque zones on the otolith edgs it is determined that the annual ring of P. yokohamae is formed in January-March every year.
The relation of the standard length to the body weight is W=3.2×10-5L2.3018. The relationship between the otolith radius and the standard length is R=-5.43×10-3+1.71×10-2L-1.20×10-5L2. The growth for this species is expressed by von-Bertalanffy equation, Lt=L∞[1-e-K(t-t0)], where L∞=418mm, t0=-0.7475 and K=0.252.
The P. yokohamae grows faster at the age of 1-2, but slower after two years old. The coordinate of weight-growth inflexion point is at t=3.84 and W=386 g.
1986, (4): 603-613.
Abstract:
1986, (4): 614-625.
Abstract:
Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann was cultured in solution of different concentrations of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, and in mixtures of any two of them. After 6 days the effect of these heavy metal cations on the growth rate and chlorophyll contents of the diatom were determined and an Opton microscope was used to observe the morphology and size of the cells.
The experimental results show that the effects of toxicity of these four heavy metals on Chaetoceros muelleri are:Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+. However, the cells did not differ significantly in their morphology and size from the controled ones.
In any of the mixed metals cultures, its growth rate came close to and was higher than that of the single metal culture of higher concentration.
Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann was cultured in solution of different concentrations of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, and in mixtures of any two of them. After 6 days the effect of these heavy metal cations on the growth rate and chlorophyll contents of the diatom were determined and an Opton microscope was used to observe the morphology and size of the cells.
The experimental results show that the effects of toxicity of these four heavy metals on Chaetoceros muelleri are:Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+. However, the cells did not differ significantly in their morphology and size from the controled ones.
In any of the mixed metals cultures, its growth rate came close to and was higher than that of the single metal culture of higher concentration.
1986, (4): 626-626.
Abstract:
1986, (4): 627-627.
Abstract:
