1986 Vol. 5, No. 2
Display Method:
1986, (2): 157-163.
Abstract:
It is discovered through data analysis that both daily mean sea level (obtained by averaging 24 hourly tide heights) and daily mean tide range have oscillation component with period of 14.76 days,and that the coherence is very close to unity at this period.Besides the effect of Nyquist folding,radiation stress effect is regarded as the cause for the phenomenon.
It is discovered through data analysis that both daily mean sea level (obtained by averaging 24 hourly tide heights) and daily mean tide range have oscillation component with period of 14.76 days,and that the coherence is very close to unity at this period.Besides the effect of Nyquist folding,radiation stress effect is regarded as the cause for the phenomenon.
1986, (2): 165-172.
Abstract:
Based on the shear effect of internal wave currents in stratified fluid,the necessary condition for the possible existence of an internal wave and the sufficient condition under which there will be no internal wave are deduced starting from the continuity equation of incompressible fluid.The above two conditions are verified by the measured results from vertical current meter arraies at some observation stations in the Bohai Sea and the South Huanghai Sea.In the treatment of measured results,first of all,the tidal period components are separated from the measured currents by Fourier-analysis method,and then the internal wave currents of tidal period from the tidal period components in the light of some considerations.The analytical results of observed currents are well consistent with theoretical analysis.Furthermore,one can also deduce some features of internal waves therefrom.Consequently,it is concluded that the observation from a vertical current meter array is an important means to verify internal waves in offshore areas.
Based on the shear effect of internal wave currents in stratified fluid,the necessary condition for the possible existence of an internal wave and the sufficient condition under which there will be no internal wave are deduced starting from the continuity equation of incompressible fluid.The above two conditions are verified by the measured results from vertical current meter arraies at some observation stations in the Bohai Sea and the South Huanghai Sea.In the treatment of measured results,first of all,the tidal period components are separated from the measured currents by Fourier-analysis method,and then the internal wave currents of tidal period from the tidal period components in the light of some considerations.The analytical results of observed currents are well consistent with theoretical analysis.Furthermore,one can also deduce some features of internal waves therefrom.Consequently,it is concluded that the observation from a vertical current meter array is an important means to verify internal waves in offshore areas.
1986, (2): 173-182.
Abstract:
In this paper,the method for determining the direction and velocity of internal tide wave is proposed.The main points are as follows:(1) starting with the continuity equation of incompressible fluid and taking the isotherm whose balance position is situated in the middle of the thermocline as the interface of two-layer ocean,one can get an equation of variations of average total current in the lower and upper layers; (2) WTide (Z) in the above-mentioned equation is expressed in first-order approximation; (3) the internal tide waves are treated as wave packets.Thus,one finds out a statistical relation,AΔū + BΔū=ζ,which correlates the average shear effect caused by the internal tide wave with the isothermal fluctuation.The direction and velocity of the wave can be drawn from the formulae:φ1=Arctg (A/B),C1=1/(H0·√A2+B2).
The calculated results agree,in the main,fairly well with two sets of observations at station L3.
In this paper,the method for determining the direction and velocity of internal tide wave is proposed.The main points are as follows:(1) starting with the continuity equation of incompressible fluid and taking the isotherm whose balance position is situated in the middle of the thermocline as the interface of two-layer ocean,one can get an equation of variations of average total current in the lower and upper layers; (2) WTide (Z) in the above-mentioned equation is expressed in first-order approximation; (3) the internal tide waves are treated as wave packets.Thus,one finds out a statistical relation,AΔū + BΔū=ζ,which correlates the average shear effect caused by the internal tide wave with the isothermal fluctuation.The direction and velocity of the wave can be drawn from the formulae:φ1=Arctg (A/B),C1=1/(H0·√A2+B2).
The calculated results agree,in the main,fairly well with two sets of observations at station L3.
1986, (2): 313-314.
Abstract:
1986, (2): 183-194.
Abstract:
The seasonal movement and jumping of subtropical high ridge line were simulated in the previous paper by using the two-dimensional zonal average model to consider the solar radiation heating.In this paper,the simulation is made by means of the same model considering water vapor condensation heating released from the rainfall belt north of subtropical high in addition to the solar radiation heating.The basic characteristics such as the northward seasonal jumping can still be simulated,and the condensation heating in the model can make the subtropical high ridge line move to the position a little further south than that without the condensation heating.Therefore,it may be realized that the basic characteristics of seasonal movement of subtropical high depend mainly on the solar radiation heating,but the meridional departure of ridge line from its normal latitude position is due to the feedback of drought-waterlogging in the precipitation area to the north of subtropical high.
The seasonal movement and jumping of subtropical high ridge line were simulated in the previous paper by using the two-dimensional zonal average model to consider the solar radiation heating.In this paper,the simulation is made by means of the same model considering water vapor condensation heating released from the rainfall belt north of subtropical high in addition to the solar radiation heating.The basic characteristics such as the northward seasonal jumping can still be simulated,and the condensation heating in the model can make the subtropical high ridge line move to the position a little further south than that without the condensation heating.Therefore,it may be realized that the basic characteristics of seasonal movement of subtropical high depend mainly on the solar radiation heating,but the meridional departure of ridge line from its normal latitude position is due to the feedback of drought-waterlogging in the precipitation area to the north of subtropical high.
1986, (2): 195-202.
Abstract:
The distribution of wind speed in the easterly in the tropics is not uniform.In the part with large curvature,such as lines of trough and ridge,the wind speed is small,while in the part with small curvature,the wind speed is large.In this paper,these phenomena are expounded with gradient wind equation.
Considering the distribution of wind speed,we find the wave speed formula from linearized vorticity and divergence equation.The wave speed is equal to the sum of the Rossby wave speed and a harmonic function for x and t.Its period is about 3.5 days.And it is proved that the disturbance is barotropic instability.The results are caused by interaction between meriodional and zonal disturbances.
The distribution of wind speed in the easterly in the tropics is not uniform.In the part with large curvature,such as lines of trough and ridge,the wind speed is small,while in the part with small curvature,the wind speed is large.In this paper,these phenomena are expounded with gradient wind equation.
Considering the distribution of wind speed,we find the wave speed formula from linearized vorticity and divergence equation.The wave speed is equal to the sum of the Rossby wave speed and a harmonic function for x and t.Its period is about 3.5 days.And it is proved that the disturbance is barotropic instability.The results are caused by interaction between meriodional and zonal disturbances.
1986, (2): 203-213.
Abstract:
By utilizing the denser upper-air observations from the Okinawa region and the Japanese islands during August 17-23,1975,the structure of Typhoon 7507 formed in this area has been analysed.It has been indicated that the cyclonic tangential wind maximum occurred in the eastern sector of the typhoon and the strongest inflow occurred in the southern portion of the typhoon about 150 km away from the typhoon centre.There was a deep inflow layer below the 300 hPa level.The anticyclonic outflow was the strongest at 150 hPa and was located in the NE quadrant of the typhoon.The convergence mainly took place in the southern part of the typhoon,while the divergence occurred at the lower and middle levels in the northern sector of the typhoon.The pattern of vorticity and vertical motion field were characterized by the similar asymmetry.
By utilizing the denser upper-air observations from the Okinawa region and the Japanese islands during August 17-23,1975,the structure of Typhoon 7507 formed in this area has been analysed.It has been indicated that the cyclonic tangential wind maximum occurred in the eastern sector of the typhoon and the strongest inflow occurred in the southern portion of the typhoon about 150 km away from the typhoon centre.There was a deep inflow layer below the 300 hPa level.The anticyclonic outflow was the strongest at 150 hPa and was located in the NE quadrant of the typhoon.The convergence mainly took place in the southern part of the typhoon,while the divergence occurred at the lower and middle levels in the northern sector of the typhoon.The pattern of vorticity and vertical motion field were characterized by the similar asymmetry.
1986, (2): 215-219.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the geochemical characteristics of arsenic in sediments from Bohai Gulf.The arsenic in seawater,surface sediments and cores is determined.Also measured are other physical and chemical parameters,such as Ni,Fe,C,pH and Eh in sediments.The values of As range from 0.6 to 4.5 ppb in seawater,from 10.0 to 20.9 ppm in surface sediments and from 6.8 to 22.8 ppm in cores.
The contents of As from south are higher than those from north.However the As in sediments is the element not affected by pollution.
The adsorption and codeposition of Ferric oxide colloid are the major form of transference of As from seawater to sediments in Bohai Gulf.
The valence state of As in sediments is HAsO42-.
This paper deals with the geochemical characteristics of arsenic in sediments from Bohai Gulf.The arsenic in seawater,surface sediments and cores is determined.Also measured are other physical and chemical parameters,such as Ni,Fe,C,pH and Eh in sediments.The values of As range from 0.6 to 4.5 ppb in seawater,from 10.0 to 20.9 ppm in surface sediments and from 6.8 to 22.8 ppm in cores.
The contents of As from south are higher than those from north.However the As in sediments is the element not affected by pollution.
The adsorption and codeposition of Ferric oxide colloid are the major form of transference of As from seawater to sediments in Bohai Gulf.
The valence state of As in sediments is HAsO42-.
1986, (2): 221-227.
Abstract:
An account is given of the thermodynamical characteristics of the adsorption of uranyl complex ions on hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) in NaCl-NaHCO3 solution and in seawater.Determined are the adsorption isotherms and the adsorption density in various pH.The contribution of each component to the adsorption density,the adsorption free energy ΔGads,t,the coulostatic energy ΔGcoul,t,and the cqemisorption potential energy Gchem,t are estimated.The average free energy ΔGads enthalpy change,ΔHads,and entropy change,ΔSads,of the adsorption in this system are -7.33 kcal/mol,6.30 kcal/mol and 45.7 cal/mol K respectively.It is hereof concluded that the complex chemisorption process is spontaneous and thermonegativc.
An account is given of the thermodynamical characteristics of the adsorption of uranyl complex ions on hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) in NaCl-NaHCO3 solution and in seawater.Determined are the adsorption isotherms and the adsorption density in various pH.The contribution of each component to the adsorption density,the adsorption free energy ΔGads,t,the coulostatic energy ΔGcoul,t,and the cqemisorption potential energy Gchem,t are estimated.The average free energy ΔGads enthalpy change,ΔHads,and entropy change,ΔSads,of the adsorption in this system are -7.33 kcal/mol,6.30 kcal/mol and 45.7 cal/mol K respectively.It is hereof concluded that the complex chemisorption process is spontaneous and thermonegativc.
1986, (2): 229-234.
Abstract:
A new concept,namely,the original natural water formed from Zn2+ etc.-saturated water vapor,is presented according to the experimental fact that the limiting transfer concentration of trace-metal ion cycle with water evaporation equals the ion baseline of natural water.
A new concept,namely,the original natural water formed from Zn2+ etc.-saturated water vapor,is presented according to the experimental fact that the limiting transfer concentration of trace-metal ion cycle with water evaporation equals the ion baseline of natural water.
1986, (2): 235-246.
Abstract:
In this paper the chemical characteristics of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) from East China Sea surficial sediment are studied through combination of chemical and physical methods.Results show that humic acids have less aromatic hydrocarbon and more alkane structure.
The contents of amino acids from hydrolyzate of humic substances are different.The amount of various amino acids (such as acidic,neutral or basic amino aicd) of fulvic acid is higher than that of humic acid.The distribution order of amino acid abundance in various kinds of sediments is neutral amino acid > aromatic amino acid > basic amino acid.
In addition,mathematical statistic method is also used to study their distribution.All samples show similar regularities,i.e.,the contents of glycine,alanine,aspartic and glutamic are very high and those of cystine and methionine are very low or even disappear.
The above results further confirm that humic acid and fulvic acid have similar composition and structure.
In this paper the chemical characteristics of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) from East China Sea surficial sediment are studied through combination of chemical and physical methods.Results show that humic acids have less aromatic hydrocarbon and more alkane structure.
The contents of amino acids from hydrolyzate of humic substances are different.The amount of various amino acids (such as acidic,neutral or basic amino aicd) of fulvic acid is higher than that of humic acid.The distribution order of amino acid abundance in various kinds of sediments is neutral amino acid > aromatic amino acid > basic amino acid.
In addition,mathematical statistic method is also used to study their distribution.All samples show similar regularities,i.e.,the contents of glycine,alanine,aspartic and glutamic are very high and those of cystine and methionine are very low or even disappear.
The above results further confirm that humic acid and fulvic acid have similar composition and structure.
1986, (2): 247-255.
Abstract:
This paper discusses mainly the formation mechanism and developmental conditions of tidal current ridges.The tidal current velocities of 1-3.5 knots and the supply of abundant loose sediments are the prerequisites for the formation of the tidal current ridges.The hydrodynamic mechanism is similar to that of straight rivers.In the trough between two ridges the tidal current moves forward in the form of two helical flows.The two flows converge and sink in the centre of the trough,and erode the trough deeply; they diverge and rise on the two sides of the trough,and accumulate the ridges.When the supply material and relief come to the dynamic equilibrium,the development of ridges keeps steady.
This paper discusses mainly the formation mechanism and developmental conditions of tidal current ridges.The tidal current velocities of 1-3.5 knots and the supply of abundant loose sediments are the prerequisites for the formation of the tidal current ridges.The hydrodynamic mechanism is similar to that of straight rivers.In the trough between two ridges the tidal current moves forward in the form of two helical flows.The two flows converge and sink in the centre of the trough,and erode the trough deeply; they diverge and rise on the two sides of the trough,and accumulate the ridges.When the supply material and relief come to the dynamic equilibrium,the development of ridges keeps steady.
1986, (2): 257-270.
Abstract:
Through the palynological research of Quaternary sediments in Changjiang River Delta,14 spores and-pollen zones might be distinguished,reflecting the vegetation succession and climate fluctuation of Quaternary,which conforms to the climate of the world.
Zones 1-9 are thought of as Pleistocene and Zones 10-14 as Holocene based on the climatic fluctuation reflected by these zones and the comparison with the climatic stage at home and abroad.
The marine facies sediments of Quaternary in the Changjiang River Delta contain abundant fossil spores and pollen and have obvious characters.Because the warm and humid climate reflected by the palynological assemblages of marine facies sediments often fittes with the transgression,the curve line of the climate fluctuation of Quaternary in the Delta coincides with that of sea level changes.
Through the palynological research of Quaternary sediments in Changjiang River Delta,14 spores and-pollen zones might be distinguished,reflecting the vegetation succession and climate fluctuation of Quaternary,which conforms to the climate of the world.
Zones 1-9 are thought of as Pleistocene and Zones 10-14 as Holocene based on the climatic fluctuation reflected by these zones and the comparison with the climatic stage at home and abroad.
The marine facies sediments of Quaternary in the Changjiang River Delta contain abundant fossil spores and pollen and have obvious characters.Because the warm and humid climate reflected by the palynological assemblages of marine facies sediments often fittes with the transgression,the curve line of the climate fluctuation of Quaternary in the Delta coincides with that of sea level changes.
1986, (2): 271-283.
Abstract:
Studies are made on the reproduction of two common marine Cladocera (Penilia avirostris,Evadne ter-gestina) of China with emphasis on the fertility of parthenogenetic females (P♀).A positive correlation exists between the fertility and the size of the same species; but no such correlation is found between the fertility and the size of different species.The fertility is,on the whole,higher in summer and is related to the seasonal fluctuation of population density,both attaining their maximum period in summer; but the former appears about half a month earlier than the latter,A brief account is given of the sexual reproduction,including the respective size and the seasonal variation of sexual individuals (S♀,♂) together with a note on the sex-ratio and the characteristics of resting egg.
Studies are made on the reproduction of two common marine Cladocera (Penilia avirostris,Evadne ter-gestina) of China with emphasis on the fertility of parthenogenetic females (P♀).A positive correlation exists between the fertility and the size of the same species; but no such correlation is found between the fertility and the size of different species.The fertility is,on the whole,higher in summer and is related to the seasonal fluctuation of population density,both attaining their maximum period in summer; but the former appears about half a month earlier than the latter,A brief account is given of the sexual reproduction,including the respective size and the seasonal variation of sexual individuals (S♀,♂) together with a note on the sex-ratio and the characteristics of resting egg.
1986, (2): 284-284.
Abstract:
1986, (2): 285-290.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the reaction of the contents of carbohydrate and nitrogenous compound in leaves of mangroves (Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum) to the change of seabeach soil salinity (range:3-12) in the tidal swamp of Jiulongjiang River,Fujian Province,China.
Results obtained show that:(ⅰ) contents of total sugar,starch and soluble sugar in the leaves of those mangrove plants would increase with increase in the soil salinity; (ⅱ) with increase in the soil salinity,contents of total nitrogen and soluble protein in their leaves would decrease,but fluctuate at the soil salinity more than 10.
This paper deals with the reaction of the contents of carbohydrate and nitrogenous compound in leaves of mangroves (Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum) to the change of seabeach soil salinity (range:3-12) in the tidal swamp of Jiulongjiang River,Fujian Province,China.
Results obtained show that:(ⅰ) contents of total sugar,starch and soluble sugar in the leaves of those mangrove plants would increase with increase in the soil salinity; (ⅱ) with increase in the soil salinity,contents of total nitrogen and soluble protein in their leaves would decrease,but fluctuate at the soil salinity more than 10.
1986, (2): 291-299.
Abstract:
The effect of temperature and salinity on the photosynthetic and respiratory rates of some seaweeds are reported.The regression equations for the seaweeds and their correlograms are discussed and compared.
The results indicate that the photosynthetic rate of E.binghamiae fronds shows a significant negative linear correlation (p<0.01) with changing of temperature (20-35℃),the optimum temperature being 20℃,while for the others there is a conic correlation between photosynthetic rate and temperature.The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is 23-25℃ for two species of Porphyra fronds,25-28℃ for Gracilaria sp.thalli and 23-30℃ for V.conglobata and S.hemiphyllum fronds,separately.The rates of respiration for all the studied species increase linearly with increasing temperature from 18 to 35℃.The optimum salinities for photosynthesis range from 26 to 32 for two species of Gracilaria,whose respiratory rates decrease gradually with increasing salinity.
The effect of temperature and salinity on the photosynthetic and respiratory rates of some seaweeds are reported.The regression equations for the seaweeds and their correlograms are discussed and compared.
The results indicate that the photosynthetic rate of E.binghamiae fronds shows a significant negative linear correlation (p<0.01) with changing of temperature (20-35℃),the optimum temperature being 20℃,while for the others there is a conic correlation between photosynthetic rate and temperature.The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is 23-25℃ for two species of Porphyra fronds,25-28℃ for Gracilaria sp.thalli and 23-30℃ for V.conglobata and S.hemiphyllum fronds,separately.The rates of respiration for all the studied species increase linearly with increasing temperature from 18 to 35℃.The optimum salinities for photosynthesis range from 26 to 32 for two species of Gracilaria,whose respiratory rates decrease gradually with increasing salinity.
1986, (2): 301-312.
Abstract:
In the case of pier-group structures in offshore engineering construction,the calculation of wave forces on piers is quite complicated due to the wave scattering effect on the piers in group.In this paper,the diffraction problem of two piers with unequal diameters is studied and formulas for calculating wave forces on piers are given on the basis of MacCamy-Fuchs linear wave diffraction theory with a strict consideration on the phase difference between the piers in a pier-group.
In the case of pier-group structures in offshore engineering construction,the calculation of wave forces on piers is quite complicated due to the wave scattering effect on the piers in group.In this paper,the diffraction problem of two piers with unequal diameters is studied and formulas for calculating wave forces on piers are given on the basis of MacCamy-Fuchs linear wave diffraction theory with a strict consideration on the phase difference between the piers in a pier-group.
