doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024000
The response of surface sedimental diatoms to the environment and its potential significance in the Taiwan Strait, Western Pacific
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Abstract: As the most important component of marine siliceous organisms, diatoms are vital primary producers of the ocean that are often used as indicators of paleoenvironmental change. To understand the response of sedimental diatoms to regional environmental changes and the factors affecting the distribution of sedimental diatoms in the Taiwan Strait, this study quantified and classified the diatoms found in surface sediments collected during four surveys from 2019 to 2020. Overall, 118 diatom taxa and 44 genera were identified with total diatom abundance of 8–27,353 valves/g. Four diatom assemblages representing different environments were identified. Among them, assemblage Ⅰ represented a coastal environment, assemblage Ⅱ comprised warm water species of a coastal environment, assemblage Ⅲ represented a coastal environment affected markedly by exorheism, assemblage Ⅳ represented a group with lowest diatom abundance. Seasonal variation in total diatom abundance was controlled by seven environmental factors: depth, sea surface salinity, mean grain size, silicate, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. Spatiotemporal variation in each of the diatom assemblages was substantial and strongly affected by various currents, upwelling, and low-salinity water. Specifically, it was found that the succession of diatom assemblages reflects change in the range of influence of local warm currents.
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Key words:
- Diatoms /
- Surface sediments /
- Current changes /
- Taiwan Strait
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Figure 1. Study area and locations of sampling stations (red dots): (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020. Red arrows represent the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), blue arrows represent the Zhejiang–Fujian Coastal Current (ZMCC) system, and yellow arrows represent the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) (Xiao et al., 2002; Sun, 2016; Tao et al., 2022). The thickness of each arrow indicates the strength of the current. Areas with green hatching represent zones of low sea surface salinity (Tang et al., 2002, 2004; Fan et al., 2012); areas with vertical purple lines represent areas with upwelling (Chen et al., 2008).
Figure 2. Distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 3. Distribution of mean grain size (Mz) in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 4. Distribution of silicate in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 5. Distribution of phosphate in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 6. Distribution of ammonia nitrogen in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 7. Distribution of nitrite in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 8. Distribution of nitrate in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 9. Distribution of diatom abundance in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 20202, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 10. Distribution of marine diatom species in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring
20202 , and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 11. Distribution of brackish water diatom species in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring
20202 , and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 12. Distribution of warm water diatom species in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 13. Distribution of Paralia sulcata in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 14. Distribution of Coscinodiscus radiatus in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 15. Distribution of Coscinodiscus rothii in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 16. Distribution of Actinoptychus undulatus in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020.
Figure 17. RDA biplot of environmental variables and samples. The eigenvalue for RDA axis 1 and 2 is 0.059 and 0.033, respectively. Abbreviations: SSS – sea surface salinity; SST – sea surface temperature; Mz – mean grain size; DO – dissolved oxygen; Si – silicate; NO2 – nitrite; NO3 – nitrate; PO4 – phosphate; NH – ammonia nitrogen. Assemblages I-IV and TS05 were analyzed by cluster analysis, and samples were labeled with different colors.
Figure 18. RDA biplot of diatom taxa and environmental factors. Abbreviations: SSS - sea surface salinity; SST - sea surface temperature; Mz - mean grain size; DO - dissolved oxygen; Si - silicate; NO2 - nitrite; NO3 - nitrate; PO4 - phosphate; NH - ammonia nitrogen. P. sulcata - Paralia sulcata; P. weyprechtii - Pyxidicula weyprechtii; P. stelligera - Podosira stelligera; A. nodulifera - Azpeitia nodulifera; C. radiatus - Coscinodiscus radiatus; C. oculatus - Coscinodiscus oculatus; C. striata - Cyclotella striata; A. undulatus - Actinoptychus undulatus; C. decrescens - Coscinodiscus decrescens; T. eccentrica - Thalassiosira eccentrica; C. divisus - Coscinodiscus divisus; C. rothii - Coscinodiscus rothii;
Figure 19. Distribution of diatom assemblages in the Taiwan Strait: (a) autumn 2019, (b) winter 2019, (c) spring 2020, and (d) summer 2020. Red arrows represent the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), blue arrows represent the Zhejiang–Fujian Coastal Current (ZMCC) system, and yellow arrows represent the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC).
Table 1. Dominating diatom species (relative abundance > 10%) in the surface sediment in the study area
Season Number of
generaNumber
of taxaDominating species Abundance
range (%)Average
abundance (%)Autumn 2019
(October-November)31 71 Actinoptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs 0~13.51 3.50 Coscinodiscus divisus Grunow 0~10.77 0.82 Coscinodiscus oculatus (Fauv.) Petit 0~14.66 2.78 Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg 0~28.57 3.85 Coscinodiscus rothii (Ehr.) Grunow 0~70.77 5.08 Paralia sulcata (Ehr.) Cleve 0~64.18 28.57 Pyxidicula weyprechtii Grunow 0~15.38 3.67 Trachyneis aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve 0~10.81 1.97 Winter 2019
(December)30 62 Actinoptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs 0~13.51 3.92 Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg 0~10.77 1.24 Cyclotella stylorum Brightwell 0~14.66 3.27 Paralia sulcata (Ehr.) Cleve 0~28.57 4.88 Podosira stelligera (Bail.) A.Mann 0~70.77 7.81 Pyxidicula weyprechtii Grunow 0~64.18 30.05 Spring 2020
(May)33 92 Actinoptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs 0~36.26 7.87 Coscinodiscus curvatulus var.minor (Ehr.) Grunow 0~40.87 2.27 Coscinodiscus decrescens Grunow 0~12.26 1.31 Coscinodiscus oculatus (Fauv.) Petit 0~31.11 7.98 Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg 0~18.37 4.23 Cyclotella stylorum Brightwell 0~10.32 1.64 Paralia sulcata (Ehr.) Cleve 0~53.19 16.39 Podosira stelligera (Bail.) A.Mann 0~50 6.59 Pyxidicula weyprechtii Grunow 0~26.67 5.13 Thalassiosira pacifica Gran & Angst 0~11.63 2.79 Summer 2020
(August)26 60 Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs 0~11.76 1.76 Actinoptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs 0~16.67 3.33 Biddulphia tuomegi(Bail.)Roper 0~18.75 1.39 Coscinodiscus oculatus (Fauv.) Petit 0~33.33 4.13 Coscinodiscus rothii (Ehr.) Grunow 0~100 10.75 Cyclotella striata (Kützing) Grunow 0~100 5.72 Cyclotella stylorum Brightwell 0~23.53 2.65 Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 0~100 29.90 Podosira stelligera (Bail.) A.Mann 0~42.86 7.84 Pyxidicula weyprechtii Grunow 0~ 100 9.15 
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Table 2. Summary of RDA results.
Axes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eigenvalues 0.05914 0.03328 0.01601 0.01396 0.00992 0.00104 0.00591 0.00383 0.00359 0.00230 Proportion explained 0.11187 0.06296 0.03028 0.02641 0.01876 0.01532 0.01117 0.00725 0.00678 0.00435 Cumulative proportion 0.11187 0.17483 0.20511 0.23152 0.25028 0.26560 0.27678 0.28403 0.29082 0.29517
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Table 3. Characteristics of the dominant species in the different diatom assemblages.
Diatom assemblage Dominating species Abundance range (%) Average abundance (%) Ecological habits Genus Species Assemblage I Actinoptychus undulates 0~36.26 6.88 Brackish species, common on coasts, benthonic, widespread in world seas. (Jin et al., 1965, 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003 ) Coscinodiscus oculatus 0~31.11 6.70 Temperate species (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003) radiatus 0~18.37 4.95 Widespread in world seas, warm water species, planktonic (Jin et al., 1982;Guo and Qian, 2003) Paralia sulcata 0~64.18 27.08 Benthic species, typical shallow marine species, water depth of 50-100 m is most suitable for its growth (Jin et al., 1982; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1997; Guo and Qian, 2003; Zhang et al., 2016).Widely distributed in global offshore and upwelling water columns (Abrantes, 1988; Karpuz and Schrader, 1990; Lange et al., 1998; Abrantes et al., 2007). Low illumination and fairly low salinity (brackish water) (Blasco et al., 1980). Podosira stelliger 0~17.65 5.84 Marine, benthic species (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003) Pyxidicula weyprechtii 0~26.67 6.38 Exotic planktonic species (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003). Assemblage II Azpeitia nodulifera 0~50 3.67 Warm water species, benthic (Jin et al., 1982; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1997; Guo and Qian, 2003; Onodera et al., 2005; Ren et al., 2014). Common in the surface sediments of the equatorial and tropical Pacific (Jousé et al., 1971). Often distributed in the Kuroshio (Lan et al., 1995; Chen et al., 2014). Coscinodiscus rothii 0~100 23.50 Marine or brackish species (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003). Cyclotella striata 0~100 7.78 Marine coastal species, planktonic species (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003). Paralia sulcata 0~42.86 9.053 − Podosira stelliger 0~50 7.69 − Trachyneis sp. 0~17.65 2.68 Marine benthic species, widely distributed (Jin et al., 1982). Assemblage III Coscinodiscus rothii 0~35.14 3.63 − Paralia sulcata 0~100 34.92 − Podosira weyprechtii 0~100 12.26 − Pyxidicula stelliger 0~33.33 8.87 − Assemblage IV Coscinodiscus decrescens 0~50 25 Rare species in coastal and intertidal zones (Jin et al., 1982; Guo and Qian, 2003). Thalassiosira eccentrica 50 50 In addition to the Antarctic and Arctic, eurythermal and planktonic species are widely distributed in all oceans (Jin et al., 1965). TS05(Spring 2020) Azpeitia nodulifera 33.33 33.33 − Coscinodiscus divisus 33.33 33.33 Common on shores and intertidal in Fujian (Guo and Qian, 2003). Nitzschia brevissima 33.33 33.33 Fresh or brackish species (Jin et al., 1982).
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Table 4. Pearson correlation analysis of diatom abundance and environmental variables.
PCCs Depth SST SSS DO NO3 PO4 NH NO2 Si Mz 2019 Autumn −0.377 −0.104 −0.326 0.161 0.514* 0.523* 0.440* 0.596** 0.625** 0.676** 2019 Winter −.647* −0.112 −0.168 0.034 0.125 − − − 0.221 − 2020 Spring −0.522* −0.211 −0.557* 0.343 −0.018 0.158 −0.007 0.17 0.192 0.406 2020 Summer −0.306 −0.204 −0.046 0.228 −0.109 0.235 −0.135 0.35 0.38 0.603** Note: *significant correlation (p < 0.05), **significant correlation (p < 0.01); SSS – sea surface salinity; SST – sea surface temperature; Mz – mean grain size; DO – dissolved oxygen; Si – silicate; NO2 – nitrite; NO3 – nitrate; PO4 – phosphate; NH – ammonia nitrogen.
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