Carbonate system in the subtropical Jiulong River estuary and CO2 flux estimation under modulation of tidal cycle
-
Abstract: Estuaries are often a significant source of atmospheric CO2. However, studies of carbonate systems have predominantly focused on large estuaries, while smaller estuaries have scarcely been documented. In this study, we collected surface and bottom seawater carbonate samples in the subtropical Jiulong River estuary across different tidal levels from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that estuarine mixing of freshwater from the river with seawater was the dominant factor influencing the estuarine carbonate system. Moreover, estuarine mixing is concomitantly impacted by the net metabolism of biological production and decomposition, groundwater input, release of CO2 from the estuary, and precipitation or dissolution of calcium carbonate. The estuarine partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) varied from 530 to
7715 μatm, which represents a strong source of atmospheric CO2. The mean annual air-sea CO2 flux estimated from three different parameterized equations was approximately (25.63 ± 10.25) mol/m2/yr. Furthermore, the annual emission to the atmosphere was approximately (0.031 ± 0.012) Tg C, which accounts for a mere0.0077 %-0.015% of global estuarine emissions. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and the pCO2 exhibited high variability throughout the tidal cycle across all cruises. Specifically, the disparities observed between DIC and TA during low and high tides at identical stations during all cruises ranged from approximately 15% to 30%. The variance in the pCO2 was even more pronounced, ranging from approximately 30% to 40%. Thus, tidal discrepancies may need to be taken into consideration to estimate the CO2 flux from estuarine systems more accurately.-
Key words:
- carbonate system /
- tidal cycle /
- estuarine mixing /
- Jiulong River estuary
-
Figure 1. Map of Jiulong River estuary with the location of the sampling stations. Different symbols represent different cruises, and the dotted lines are the boundaries of the upper ,middle, and lower reaches of the estuary. The sampling stations J4, J8, J10, J12, J14 were consistently surveyed across the seven cruises in this study.
Figure 2. The variations of salinity, temperature, DO% and turbidity with the longitude
Figure 3. The monthly average water discharge of the Jurong River in 2019 and 2021. The shaded area shows the historical monthly average data from 1961 to 2022 and the four-pointed stars represent the dates of the survey cruises in this study.
Figure 5. Variations of DIC (a, b, c, d), TA (e, f, g, h) with salinity. grey line is the mixing line obtained by end- member model calculation for each cruise.
Figure 6. Diagrams of the concentrations of DIC and dissolved carbon dioxide ([CO2]) versus salinity during estuarine mixing. (a) represents the calculation of the DIC composition of the estuary, with salinity on the X-axis and DIC concentration on the Y-axis; (b) represents the calculation of [CO2] composition of the estuary, with salinity on the X-axis and dissolved CO2 concentration on the Y-axis.
Figure 10. Variations of [CO2] with salinity, the grey dashed line represents the [CO2] from the conservative mixing of the river with the ocean, and the black solid line represents the [CO2] provided by the ocean in the mixing.
Table 1. The range of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity parameters for all cruises, by Mean±SD.
Date Tide T/℃ Salinity DO/% Turb/FTU Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower 20210626 Low 28.1±0.3 27.8±0.3 27.9±0.7 0.3 8.0±7.0 28.8±2.6 68.6±7.3 64.6±8.9 82.9±2.4 High 28.6±0.3 27.9±0.5 27.3±0.6 1.4±1.6 21.9±6.5 31.4±1.8 60.5±10.6 79.4±8 93.7±2.4 20211021 Low 26.3±0.2 25.7±0.3 26.0±0.2 1.5±0.7 11.8±5.6 27.7±3.4 59.3±6.3 53.7±19.8 68.6±3.3 99.4±75.8 85.3±36.5 61.9±38 High 25.9±0.2 25.7±0.2 26.1±0.1 9.7±6 25.1±5 31.9±0.5 52.9±9.9 68.8±12 79.6±4.3 123.5±82.8 83.7±71.5 117.2±113 20211027 Low 24.8±0.2 24.2±0.3 24.2±0.2 1.6±1.7 11.9±5.4 27.7±3 56.6±2.8 53.7±12.4 63.8±8.1 77.0±41.9 76.4±59.7 53.2±70.4 High 25±0.2 24.4±0.1 24.4±0.1 7.7±4.3 23.2±5.3 30.5±0.7 54.4±6.8 63.6±10 70.8±14 51.7±39.3 42.4±19.9 34.7±21.9 20190119 19.0±0.6 18.1±0.5 17.5±0.3 4.5±3.1 14.9±4.8 24.4±0.9 
下载: 导出CSV
Table 2. The range of carbonate parameters for all cruises, by Mean±SD. The pCO2 data is only for the surface water, and the rest includes the surface and bottom water.
Season Cruise Tide DIC/μmol kg−1 TA/μmol kg−1 pH pCO2/μatm Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower Summer 20210626 Low 1035 ±451281 ±2121850±72 867±55 1198 ±2731984±111 7.0±0.1 7.2±0.2 7.8±0.1 5599 ±18683245 ±1496 841±187 High 1093 ±761664 ±1691900±48 952±89 1720 ±2372074 ±717.0 7.6±0.2 7.8 4760 ±2641309 ±613657±62 Seasonal average 1549 ±3621574 ±4987.5±0.4 2620 ±2093 Autumn 20211021 Low 1115 ±531515 ±1501868±63 1029 ±721503 ±1781958±94 7.2±0.1 7.5±0.1 7.7±0.1 2757 ±6491527 ±3081007 ±138High 1431 ±1761812±97 1944±11 1397 ±2061898±145 2129 ±187.4±0.1 7.7±0.1 7.9 1886±336 922±174 613±12 20211027 Low 1072 ±741540 ±1621881±51 954±103 1502 ±2261966±79 7.1±0.1 7.4±0.3 7.7±0.1 3473 ±7521409 ±4901029 ±192High 1422 ±2071811±90 1941±12 1334 ±2141875±136 2092 ±287.2±0.1 7.7±0.1 7.8 3239 ±6221013 ±251686±65 Seasonal average 1594 ±3141608 ±4087.5±0.3 1771 ±1060 Winter 20190119 1349 ±1841707 ±1221941±23 1306 ±1841708 ±1772028±39 7.5±0.2 7.6±0.2 7.8±0.1 1335 ±6561576 ±1065 711±204 Seasonal average 1633 ±2421633 ±2977.6±0.2 1369 ±880
下载: 导出CSV
Table 3. CO2 fluxes at the air-sea interface of JRE.
Cruise Zone T/℃ S/PSU ΔpCO2/µatm U10/m·s−1 F(Jiang2008) F(Vam2019) F (Ho2011) Fluxes/mmol−1·m−2·d−1 20210626LT Upper 28.0 0.3 5216 2.07 199.81 ± 71.74 292.57 ± 105.04 53.99 ± 19.38 182.12 ± 120.27 Middle 28.0 7.3 2857 2.07 107.22 ± 58.98 157 ± 86.37 28.97 ± 15.94 97.73 ± 64.54 Lower 27.8 27.6 449 2.07 15.08 ± 6.59 22.08 ± 9.65 4.07 ± 1.78 13.74 ± 9.08 20210626HT Upper 28.8 1.1 4375 2.07 167.30 ± 10.65 244.97 ± 15.59 45.20 ± 2.88 152.49 ± 100.71 Middle 27.6 20.4 918 2.07 32.54 ± 22.91 47.65 ± 33.54 8.79 ± 6.19 29.66 ± 19.59 Lower 27.4 30.8 263 2.07 8.61 ± 2.20 12.61 ± 3.23 2.33 ± 0.6 7.85 ± 5.18 20211021LT Upper 26.2 1.4 2355 3.05 113.75 ± 31.62 158.18 ± 43.97 51.75 ± 14.38 107.89 ± 53.46 Middle 25.7 10.8 1129 3.05 52.40 ± 15.53 72.87 ± 21.59 23.84 ± 7.06 49.71 ± 24.63 Lower 25.8 25.2 612 3.05 26.37 ± 6.42 36.67 ± 8.93 12 ± 2.92 25.01 ± 12.39 20211021HT Upper 25.9 8.2 1486 3.05 69.87 ± 17.30 97.16 ± 24.06 31.78 ± 7.87 66.27 ± 32.83 Middle 25.7 23.8 525 3.05 22.87 ± 8.23 31.81 ± 11.44 10.41 ± 3.74 21.7 ± 10.75 Lower 26.0 31.7 216 3.05 8.89 ± 0.52 12.36 ± 0.72 4.04 ± 0.24 8.43 ± 4.18 20211027LT Upper 24.9 1.0 3069 4.34 213.58 ± 53.06 251.69 ± 62.53 135.16 ± 33.58 200.14 ± 59.42 Middle 24.3 11.1 1008 4.34 67.47 ± 34.45 79.51 ± 40.60 42.69 ± 21.8 63.22 ± 18.77 Lower 24.1 25.3 631 4.34 39.08 ± 12.17 46.06 ± 14.34 24.73 ± 7.7 36.63 ± 10.87 20211027HT Upper 25.1 6.4 2836 4.34 192.46 ± 42.18 226.81 ± 49.7 121.79 ± 26.69 180.35 ± 53.54 Middle 24.4 22.3 615 4.34 38.88 ± 16.95 45.82 ± 19.98 24.6 ± 10.73 36.43 ± 10.82 Lower 24.4 30.2 287 4.34 17.21 ± 4.06 20.29 ± 4.78 10.89 ± 2.57 16.16 ± 4.79 20190119 Upper 19.3 5.2 929 1.6 33.35 ± 23.84 47.88 ± 34.23 6.04 ± 4.32 29.09 ± 21.24 Middle 18.4 14.1 1171 1.6 40.65 ± 37.38 58.36 ± 53.67 7.37 ± 6.77 35.46 ± 25.89 Lower 17.7 23.8 308 1.6 9.99.16 ± 6.75 14.34 ± 9.69 1.81 ± 1.22 8.71 ± 6.36
下载: 导出CSV
Table 4. End-member values of DIC and TA used in mixing model calculation
Date River end-member Ocean end-member DIC/μmol kg−1 TA/μmol kg−1 Salinity DIC/μmol kg−1 TA/μmol kg−1 Salinity 20210626 958 827 0.3 1920 2112 32.2 20211021 1027 917 0.5 1954 2145 32.1 20211027 975 831 0.2 1954 2145 32.1 20190119 1181 1101 1.8 2045 2203 32 Note: The ocean end-member for January 19, 2019 utilizes Lin’s observations near Xiamen Bay (Lin, 2012), and the rest is from this study. The ocean end-member for both October 21st and October 27th is identical due to the presence of low salinity at the farthest station on the latter date. Consequently, the high-salinity end-member from October 21st is selected in both cruises.
下载: 导出CSV
Table 5. The sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes from different estuaries in the world.
Estuary Country Area/km2 pCO2/µatm CO2 flux/mol m-2 yr-1 Reference Jiulong River Estuary China 110 530~ 7715 25.7 This study Modaomen Estuary China 1012 30.8 Tang et al. (2018) Yangtze River Estuary China 10800 650~ 4600 14.6 Zhai et al. (2007) Yellow River Estuary China 1521 6.14 Shen et al. (2020) Hooghly estuary India 325 559~ 3679 47.3 Akhand et al. (2022) Mekong inner estuary Vietnam 44.2 Borges et al. (2018) Tagus estuary Portugal 320 487~ 4575 33.6 Oliveira et al. (2017) Elbe inner estuary Germany 276 380~ 2200 40.4 Amann et al. (2015) Guadalquivir estuary Spain 39 520~ 3606 31.1 De la Paz et al. (2007) Coffs Creek estuary Australia 403~ 7920 18.4 Jeffrey et al. (2018) Neuse River Estuary US 455 196~ 2510 4.7 Crosswell et al. (2012)
下载: 导出CSV
-
Abril G, Borges A V. 2005. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from estuaries. In: Tremblay A, Varfalvy L, Roehm C, et al. , eds. Greenhouse Gas Emissions—Fluxes and Processes: Hydroelectric Reservoirs and Natural Environments. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 187–207 Akhand A, Chanda A, Watanabe K, et al. 2022. Drivers of inorganic carbon dynamics and air–water CO2 fluxes in two large tropical estuaries: Insights from coupled radon (222Rn) and pCO2 surveys. Limnology and Oceanography, 67(S2): S118–S132 Amann T, Weiss A, Hartmann J. 2015. Inorganic carbon fluxes in the Inner Elbe Estuary, Germany. Estuaries and Coasts, 38(1): 192–210, doi: 10.1007/s12237-014-9785-6 Borges A V, Abril G, Bouillon S. 2018. Carbon dynamics and CO2 and CH4 outgassing in the Mekong delta. Biogeosciences, 15(4): 1093–1114, doi: 10.5194/bg-15-1093-2018 Borges A V, Delille B, Frankignoulle M. 2005. Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(14): L14601 Cai Weijun, Dai Minhan, Wang Yongchen. 2006. Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(12): L12603 Chen Chen-Tung Arthur, Huang Ting-Hsuan, Chen YC, et al. 2013. Air–sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's coastal seas. Biogeosciences, 10(10): 6509–6544, doi: 10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013 Chen Chen-Tung Arthur, Huang Ting-Hsuan, Fu Yu-Han, et al. 2012. Strong sources of CO2 in upper estuaries become sinks of CO2 in large river plumes. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(2): 179–185, doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.02.003 Crosswell J R, Wetz M S, Hales B, et al. 2012. Air-water CO2 fluxes in the microtidal Neuse River estuary, North Carolina. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C8): C08017 Dai Minhan, Lu Zhongming, Zhai Weidong, et al. 2009. Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in contrasting coastal environments. Limnology and Oceanography, 54(3): 735–745, doi: 10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0735 De la Paz M, Gómez-Parra A, Forja J. 2007. Inorganic carbon dynamic and air–water CO2 exchange in the Guadalquivir Estuary (SW Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Marine Systems, 68(1–2): 265–277, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.11.011 Gattuso J P, Frankignoulle M, Wollast R. 1998. Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29: 405–434, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405 Gran G, Dahlenborg H, Laurell S, et al. 1950. Determination of the equivalent point in potentiometric titrations. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 4: 559–577, doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.04-0559 Guo Xianghui, Cai Weijun, Zhai Weidong, et al. 2008. Seasonal variations in the inorganic carbon system in the Pearl River (Zhujiang) estuary. Continental Shelf Research, 28(12): 1424–1434, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2007.07.011 Hellings L, Dehairs F, Van Damme S, et al. 2001. Dissolved inorganic carbon in a highly polluted estuary (the Scheldt). Limnology and Oceanography, 46(6): 1406–1414, doi: 10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1406 Ho D T, Coffineau N, Hickman B, et al. 2016. Influence of current velocity and wind speed on air-water gas exchange in a mangrove estuary. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(8): 3813–3821, doi: 10.1002/2016GL068727 Ho D T, Schlosser P, Orton P M. 2011. On factors controlling air–water gas exchange in a large tidal river. Estuaries and Coasts, 34(6): 1103–1116, doi: 10.1007/s12237-011-9396-4 Jahnke R A, Alexander C R, Kostka J E. 2003. Advective pore water input of nutrients to the Satilla River Estuary, Georgia, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56(3–4): 641–653 Jeffrey L C, Maher D T, Santos I R, et al. 2018. The spatial and temporal drivers of pCO2, pCH4 and gas transfer velocity within a subtropical estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 208: 83–95 Jiang Liqing, Cai Weijun, Wang Yongchen. 2008. A comparative study of carbon dioxide degassing in river-and marine-dominated estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography, 53(6): 2603–2615, doi: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2603 Laruelle G G, Dürr H H, Lauerwald R, et al. 2013. Global multi-scale segmentation of continental and coastal waters from the watersheds to the continental margins. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(5): 2029–2051, doi: 10.5194/hess-17-2029-2013 Lewis E R, Wallace D W R. 1998. Program developed for CO2 system calculations. Oak Ridge: Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem Li Gong, Gao Kunshan, Yuan Dongxing, et al. 2011. Relationship of photosynthetic carbon fixation with environmental changes in the Jiulong River estuary of the South China Sea, with special reference to the effects of solar UV radiation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8): 1852–1858, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.050 Li Yuhong, Luo Yang, Liu Jian, et al. 2023. Sources and sinks of N2O in the subtropical Jiulong River Estuary, Southeast China. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10: 1138258, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1138258 Li Chenglong, Zhai Weidong, Qi Di. 2022. Unveiling controls of the latitudinal gradient of surface pCO2 in the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation regions (northwestern North Pacific) in late spring. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 41(5): 110–123, doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1949-1 Li Yuhong, Zhan Liyang, Chen Liqi, et al. 2021. Spatial and temporal patterns of methane and its influencing factors in the Jiulong River estuary, southeastern China. Marine Chemistry, 228: 103909, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103909 Lin Hui. 2012. Seasonal and spatial variation of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in Taiwan Strait and the Adjacent Sea Area (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Xiamen: Xiamen University Liu Qian, Dong Xu, Chen Jinshun, et al. 2019. Diurnal to interannual variability of sea surface pCO2 and its controls in a turbid tidal-driven nearshore system in the vicinity of the East China Sea based on buoy observations. Marine Chemistry, 216: 103690, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103690 Millero F J. 2010. Carbonate constants for estuarine waters. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61(2): 139–142, doi: 10.1071/MF09254 Oliveira A P, Cabeçadas G, Mateus M D. 2017. Inorganic carbon distribution and CO2 fluxes in a large European estuary (Tagus, Portugal). Scientific Reports, 7(1): 7376, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06758-z Orr J, Epitalon J M, Gattuso J P. 2015. Comparison of ten packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry. Biogeosciences, 12(5): 1483–1510, doi: 10.5194/bg-12-1483-2015 Pritchard D W. 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. In: Lauff G H, ed. Estuaries. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science Raymond P A, Cole J J. 2001. Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries: Choosing a gas transfer velocity. Estuaries, 24(2): 312–317, doi: 10.2307/1352954 Ries J B. 2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2 induced ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(14): 4053–4064, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.025 Rosentreter J A, Maher D T, Ho D T, et al. 2017. Spatial and temporal variability of CO2 and CH4 gas transfer velocities and quantification of the CH4 microbubble flux in mangrove dominated estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography, 62(2): 561–578, doi: 10.1002/lno.10444 Samanta S, Dalai T K, Pattanaik J K, et al. 2015. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its δ13C in the Ganga (Hooghly) River estuary, India: Evidence of DIC generation via organic carbon degradation and carbonate dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 165: 226–248, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.040 Shen Xiaomei, Su Meirong, Sun Tao, et al. 2020. Net heterotrophy and low carbon dioxide emissions from biological processes in the Yellow River Estuary, China. Water Research, 171: 115457, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115457 Sun Heng, Gao Zhongyong, Qi Di, et al. 2020. Surface seawater partial pressure of CO2 variability and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea in July 2010. Continental Shelf Research, 193: 104031, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2019.104031 Sun Heng, Gao Zhongyong, Zhao Derong, et al. 2021. Spatial variability of summertime aragonite saturation states and its influencing factor in the Bering Sea. Advances in Climate Change Research, 12(4): 508–516, doi: 10.1016/j.accre.2021.04.001 Takahashi T, Olafsson J, Goddard J G, et al. 1993. Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7(4): 843–878, doi: 10.1029/93GB02263 Takahashi T, Sutherland S C, Sweeney C, et al. 2002. Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49(9–10): 1601–1622, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6 Takahashi T, Sutherland S C, Wanninkhof R, et al. 2009. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(8–10): 554–577, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009 Tang Wenkui, Gao Quanzhou, Zheng Xiongbo, et al. 2018. Air-water CO2 exchange fluxes and its controlling mechanism in modaomen estuary of the Pearl River, China. Ekoloji, 27(106): e601 Van Dam B R, Edson J B, Tobias C. 2019. Parameterizing air-water gas exchange in the shallow, microtidal New River estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(7): 2351–2363, doi: 10.1029/2018JG004908 Walsh J J. 1988. On the Nature of Continental Shelves. New York: Academic Press, 367–437 Wang Guizhi, Wang Zhangyong, Zhai Weidong, et al. 2015. Net subterranean estuarine export fluxes of dissolved inorganic C, N, P, Si, and total alkalinity into the Jiulong River estuary, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 149: 103–114, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.001 Wang Zhaohui, Wanninkhof R, Cai Weijun, et al. 2013. The marine inorganic carbon system along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the United States: Insights from a transregional coastal carbon study. Limnology and Oceanography, 58(1): 325–342, doi: 10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0325 Weiss R F. 1974. Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Marine Chemistry, 2(3): 203–215, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2 Wu Gaojie, Cao Wenzhi, Huang Zheng, et al. 2017. Decadal changes in nutrient fluxes and environmental effects in the Jiulong River Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2): 871–877, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.071 Yan Xiuli, Zhai Weidong, Hong Huasheng, et al. 2012. Distribution, fluxes and decadal changes of nutrients in the Jiulong River Estuary, Southwest Taiwan Strait. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(18): 2307–2318, doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5084-4 Yin Xijie, Lin Yunpeng, Liang Cuicui, et al. 2020. Source and fate of dissolved inorganic carbon in Jiulong River, southeastern China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 246: 107031 Zhai Weidong, Dai Minhan, Guo Xianghui. 2007. Carbonate system and CO2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. Marine Chemistry, 107(3): 342–356, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.02.011 Zheng Senlin, Qiu Xiaoyan, Chen Bin, et al. 2011. Antibiotics pollution in Jiulong River estuary: Source, distribution and bacterial resistance. Chemosphere, 84(11): 1677–1685, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.076 -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 93
- HTML全文浏览量: 40
- 被引次数: 0
