Relationships between daily growth of different groups of swordtip squid (Uroteuthis edulis) and environmental variables in the East China Sea
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Abstract: Swordtip squid (Uroteuthis edulis) is one of the important economical fishing target species in the East China Sea. Uroteuthis edulis is characterized by rapid growth, extensive migration, and long spawning period and sensitive to surrounding environment. In order to assess its stock status, it is necessary to explore its spawning season, growth patterns of different populations and their relationship with the environment in advance. In this paper, based on the samples of U. edulis collected in the East China Sea from September 2017 to March 2018, we explored the relationships between daily growth of statolith microstructure and environmental variables by gradient forest method and generalized additive model. The spawning season of U. edulis was found to be nearly one year, and two dominant season groups were found: the spring group with the peak period of April and the summer group with the peak period of August. Water temperature in the depth of 25 m (Temp_25), sea surface temperature (SST) and zonal velocity were the key environmental variables for the daily growth of April-spawning group. The most suitable environmental conditions for the growth of April-spawning group were water temperature (24−27°C) and velocity (0.1−0.3 m/s). SST, Temp_25 and mixed layer depth were the key environment variables for the daily growth of August-spawning group. The most suitable environmental conditions for the growth of August-spawning group were water temperature (21−28°C) and water depth (0−50 m). Key environmental variables of different groups suggested that early growth was significantly affected by seasonal changes of water temperature, current velocity and prey abundance. This study explored the relationships between early growth and environmental variables and provided the scientific guidance for the management and conservation of U. edulis.
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Key words:
- East China Sea /
- Uroteuthis edulis /
- statolith microstructure /
- environmental variables
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Figure 7. Importance of environmental variables in response to mean daily increment width of April-spawning group (a) and August-spawning group (b) in 2017. SST is the abbreviation of sea surface temperature; Temp_25, water temperature at depth of 25 m; MLD, mix layer depth; SSS, sea surface salinity; SSH, sea surface height; VV, vertical current velocity; ZV, zonal current velocity; Chl a, chlorophyll a concentration.
Figure 8. Cumulative importance of environmental variables in relation to daily increment width of statolith for April-spawning group (a−c) and August-spawning group (d−f). Temp_25 is the abbreviation of water temperature at the depth of 25 m; SST, sea surface temperature; ZV, zonal current velocity; MLD, mix layer depth.
Figure 9. Effective of environmental variables on daily increment width for April-spawning group (a−c) and August-spawning group (d−f) based on generalized additive model (GAM) analyses. Temp_25 is the abbreviation of water temperature at the depth of 25 m; SST, sea surface temperature; ZV, zonal current velocity; MLD, mix layer depth.
Table 1. Sampling information of Uroteuthis edulis from the East China Sea
Sampling time Location Number Mantle length range/mm Age range/d Sex ratio
F:MSeptember 2017 30°30' N,
127°00' E15 69−198 176−224 1.4:1 November 2017 31°00' N,
126°30' E19 110−234 175−273 0.9:1 December 2017 31°30' N,
126°30' E23 86−223 153−254 1.2:1 January
201831°30' N,
127°00' E24 93−180 175−228 1:1 February 2018 28°30' N,
123°00' E17 87−158 176−233 2:1 March
201827°30' N,
124°30' E23 92−154 169−215 0.7:1 Note: F:M represents female amount vs. male amount. Table 2. Descriptions of environmental variables
Environmental variable Description SST sea surface temperature Temp_25 water temperature at the depth of 25 m MLD mixed layer depth SSH sea surface height SSS sea surface salinity Chl a chlorophyll a concentration ZV zonal current velocity VV vertical current velocity Table 3. Key environmental variables of April- and August-spawning groups identified based on the analysis results of the generalized additive model (GAM)
Group Environmental variable AIC R2 Deviance explained/% P-value Significance April-spawning Temp_25 −238.50 0.72 73.1 0.000 *** SST −106.51 0.40 43.0 0.000 *** ZV −165.57 0.57 58.6 0.000 *** Temp_25+ZV −299.13 0.81 82.6 0.000 *** SST+ZV −239.13 0.72 73.8 0.000 *** August-spawning SST −674.92 0.97 97.1 0.000 *** Temp_25 −651.80 0.96 96.8 0.000 *** MLD −348.80 0.82 82.5 0.000 *** Note: AIC is the abbreviation of Akaike Information Criterion; Temp_25, water temperature at the depth of 25 m; SST, sea surface temperature; ZV, zonal current velocity; MLD, mix layer depth. Model significance: *, P<0.05; **, P<0.001; and ***, P<0.000 1. Environmental variables in bold are the highest goodness-of-fit based on GAM. -
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