Application of DNA metabarcoding to characterize the diet of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea polyps and ephyrae
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Abstract: Dietary studies of polyps and ephyrae are important to understand the formation and magnitude of jellyfish blooms and provide important insights into the marine food web. However, the diet of polyps and ephyrae in situ is largely unknown. Here, prey species of the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea in situ were identified using high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques. The results show that A. coerulea polyps and ephyrae consume a variety of prey items. The polyps consume both planktonic and benthic prey, including hydromedusae, copepods, ciliates, polychaetes, stauromedusae, and phytoplankton. A. coerulea ephyrae mainly feed on copepods and hydromedusae. Gelatinous zooplankton, including Rathkea octopunctata and Sarsia tubulosa, were frequently found as part of the diet of A. coerulea polyps and ephyrae. The utilization of high-throughput sequencing technique is a useful tool for studying the diet of polyps and ephyrae in the field, complementing the traditional techniques towards a better understanding of the complex role of gelatinous animals in marine ecosystems.
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Key words:
- Aurelia coerulea /
- in situ /
- dietary analysis /
- feeding /
- high-throughput sequencing
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Figure 1. Sampling site for Aurelia coerulea polyps and ephyrae in the Fenghuang Lake, southern Yellow Sea.
Figure 2. Neighbor joining tree for prey taxa in the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea using the Tajima-Nei model with 1 000 bootstrap replications. + Presence.
Figure 3. Rank abundance of phylogenetic class and order of prey organisms detected in the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. The y axis shows percent of total reads that each taxonomic contributes. a. Class and b. order.
Table 1. Prey taxa detected in the polyps and ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea
Phylum Class Order Species Similarity Percentage% Accession
numbersephyrae polyps Annelida Polychaeta Spionida Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata 100% 11.13 0 MN165825 Polydora sp. 99% 0.07 0 MN165843 Sabellida Hydroides panamensis 100% 0 2.49 MN165831 Terebellida Ctenodrilus serratus 100% 0 0.03 MN165847 Scolecida Arenicola brasiliensis 100% 0 0.03 MN165854 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Hemigrapsus takanoi 100% 0.69 0 MN165834 Maxillopoda Calanoida Labidocera sp. 96% 6.65 0.01 MN165826 Eurytemora affinis 99% 1.26 0.06 MN165828 Acartia pacifica 100% 0.12 0 MN165842 Eurytemora pacifica 99% 48.47 0.33 MN165822 Cyclopoida Cyclopina sp. 95% 1.64 0.06 MN165829 Harpacticoida Thalestridae sp. 99% 0 2.21 MN165832 Stenhelia sp. 92% 0.13 1.85 MN165833 Amphiascoides atopus 99% 0 1.43 MN165835 Normanellidae sp. 98% 0 1.00 MN165836 Mesochra sp. 99% 0 0.42 MN165839 Tisbe sp. 99% 0 0.01 MN165863 Amonardia sp. 100% 0 7.72 MN165827 Uncultured copepod 94% 0 0.43 MN165837 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchiata Styela clava 100% 0 0.01 MN165861 Ciliophora Oligohymenophorea Sessilida Pseudovorticella sp.1 98% <0.01 0.02 MN165851 Pseudovorticella sp.2 100% 0 0.02 MN165853 Phyllopharyngea Endogenida Acineta sp. 99% 0 0.02 MN165848 Spirotrichea Choreotrichida Rimostrombidium veniliae 99% 0 0.01 MN165857 Tintinnina Choreotrichia sp. 100% 0 <0.01 MN165862 Uncultured clilate 97% 0 <0.01 MN165864 Telonemea Telonemida Telonema sp. 99% 0 0.01 MN165852 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Filifera Rathkea octopunctata 100% 10.79 60.48 MN165823 Capitata Sarsia tubulosa 100% 18.40 18.47 MN165824 Cladonema californicum 100% 0.33 2.47 MN165830 Ectopleura larynx 99% <0.01 0.03 MN165845 Staurozoa Stauromedusae Haliclystus sp. 100% 0 0.04 MN165849 Nematoda Adenophorea Chromadorida Neochromadora sp. 96% 0 0.01 MN165855 Enoplida Oncholaimus sp. 91% 0 0.01 MN165856 Anticomidae sp. 100% 0 0.02 MN165858 Enoplus taipingensis 100% 0 0.01 MN165860 Platyhelminthes Rhabditophora Polycladida Notoplana australis 100% 0.16 0 MN165838 Macrostomida Microstomum sp. 99% 0.05 0.10 MN165840 Macrostomum pusillum 99% 0.02 0.03 MN165844 Rhabdocoela Promesostoma sp. 99% 0.07 0.05 MN165841 Ochrophyta Phaeophyceae Chordariales Halothrix ambigua 100% 0 0.01 MN165865 Bacillariophyta Centricae Naviculales Navicula sp. 99% 0 0.07 MN165846 Discoidales Thalassiosira guillardii 100% 0 <0.01 MN165859 Deuteromycotina Hyphomycetes Hyphomycetales Aspergillus sp. 100% 0.01 0 MN165850 Note: The datasets generated for this study are available for download via GenBank with accession numbers MN165822-MN165865. The classification system used here is Cavalier-Smith’s system of classification (Cavalier-Smith, 1998). 
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