Population dynamics and condition index of natural stock of blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Arcidae) in the Marudu Bay, Malaysia
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Abstract: The population parameters of blood cockles, Tegillarca granosa in the intertidal zone of Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia were investigated based on monthly length-weight frequency data (July 2017 to June 2018). A total of 279 cockle individuals with shell length and weight ranging from 27.7 mm to 82.2 mm and 13.11 g to 192.7 g were subjected to analysis. T. granosa in Marudu Bay showed a consistent moderately high condition index 4.98±0.86 throughout the year. The exponent b of the length-weight relationship was 2.6 demonstrating negative allometric growth. The estimated asymptotic length (L∞), growth coefficient (K) and growth performance (ϕ) of the T. granosa population in Marudu Bay were estimated at 86.68 mm, 0.98 a–1 and 3.87, respectively. The observed maximum shell length was 82.55 mm and the predicted maximum shell length was 84.44 mm with estimated maximum life span (tmax) of 3.06 years. The estimated mean lengths at the end of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months of age were 21.31 mm, 31.16 mm, 39.53 mm, 46.63 mm, 52.67 mm and 57.79 mm. Total, natural, and fishing mortalities were estimated at 2.39 a–1, 1.32 a–1 and 1.07 a–1. The exploitation level (E) was 0.45. Results of the current study also demonstrated that T. granosa in the Marudu Bay has two major recruitment peaks; one in March and another in October. The exploitation level revealed that natural stock of T. granosa in the Marudu Bay was approaching the maximum exploitation level. If such trend continues or demand for T. granosa is increasing, coupled with no effective fisheries management in place, possibility of the T. granosa population in the Marudu Bay to collapse is likely to elevate.
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Key words:
- Arcidae /
- population dynamics /
- condition index /
- Marudu Bay
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Figure 1. Samples of blood cockle were collected in the inner region of the Marudu Bay (marked by red dots).
Figure 3. Condition index of Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay recorded from July 2017 to June 2018.
Figure 5. Length-frequency distribution with growth curves superimposed using the ELEFAN 1 (L∞=86.68 mm and K=0.98 a–1).
Figure 7. Estimation of growth constant (K) of Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay (K=0.98 a–1).
Figure 9. Length converted catch curve of Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay. Solid dots: points used in calculating using least squares linear regression. Open dots: points either not fully recruited or nearing L∞.
Figure 10. Relative yield per recruit (Y′/R) and biomass per recruit (B′/R) of Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay.
Table 1. Length-weight frequency data of Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay from July 2017 to June 2018
Midlength/mm Jul. 2017 Aug. 2017 Sept. 2017 Oct. 2017 Nov. 2017 Dec. 2017 Jan. 2018 Feb. 2018 Mar. 2018 Apr. 2018 May 2018 Jun. 2018 27.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42.5 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 47.5 4 0 3 0 7 2 3 3 2 1 0 1 52.5 27 8 1 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 1 4 57.5 9 1 3 5 8 0 4 7 7 5 3 9 62.5 5 6 4 3 5 4 2 8 2 2 4 9 67.5 2 4 5 1 9 2 1 4 3 0 2 3 72.5 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 77.5 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 55 20 20 14 45 13 14 26 19 13 11 29 Note: 0 represents no cockle found. 
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Table 2. Comparison of condition index for Tegillarca granosa recorded in the Marudu Bay with published data
Location Species Condition index (±SD) Reference Marudu Bay, Malaysia Tegillarca granosa 4.98±0.86 current study Straits of Malacca, Malaysia Anadara granosa 6.76±1.13 Khalil et al. (2017) Black Sea Coast, Turkey A. granosa 7.88±1.80 Sahin et al. (2006) Kakinada Bay, India A. granosa 4.11 Narasimham (1988a)
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Table 3. Comparison of estimated length-weight relationship parameters for Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay with published values
Location Species a b Reference Marudu Bay, Malaysia Tegillarca granosa 0.664 2.60 current study Balik Pulau, Malaysia Anadara granosa 0.002 2.33 Mirzaei et al. (2015) Sungai Buloh, Malaysia A. granosa 0.240 3.37 Broom (1982) Kakinada Bay, India A. granosa 0.260 2.12 Narasimham (1988b) Thailand A. granosa 0.360 3.04 Boonruang and Janekarn (1983) Note: a is the intercept (condition factor) and b is the slope (growth coefficient).
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Table 4. Comparison of growth and mortality parameters for Tegillarca granosa in the Marudu Bay with published data
Location Species L∞/mm K/a–1 F/a–1 E Reference Marudu Bay, Malaysia Tegillarca granosa 86.68 0.98 1.07 0.45 current study Balik Pulau, Malaysia Anadara granosa 35.4 1.1 0.48 0.16 Mirzaei et al.(2015) Kuala Juru, Malaysia A. granosa 45 0.55 2.69 0.83 Oon (1986) Kuala Sepetang, Malaysia A. granosa 40.5 0.79 3.33 0.81 Oon (1986) Sungai Besar Selangor, Malaysia A. granosa 41.4 0.78 2.88 0.79 Oon (1986) Pulau Sangga, Malaysia A. granosa 37.2 0.88 2.05 0.7 Oon (1986) Sungai Buloh, Malaysia A. granosa 44.4 1.01 – – Broom (1982) Kakinada Bay, India A. granosa 73.4 0.58 – – Narasimham (1988b) Ang Sila, Thailand A. granosa 36.9 1.86 – – Vakily (1992) Desa Menco, Indonesia A. granosa 129.9 0.07 – – Imtihan et al. (2014) Kecamatan Wedung, Indonesia A. granosa 112.1 0.07 – – Imtihan et al. (2014) Demak, Indonesia A. granosa 106.8 0.06 – – Imtihan et al. (2014) Note: L∞: estimated asymptotic length; K: growth coefficient; F: estimated fishing mortality; E: estimated exploitation level.
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Table 5. Spawning peaks of blood cockles recorded within the Southeast Asian region
Location Species Spawning period Reference Marudu bay, Malaysia Tegillarca granosa March to April and September to October current study Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Anadara granosa February to March and October Khalil et al. (2017) Pulau Pinang, Malaysia A. granosa August to September Broom (1983) Selangor, Malaysia A. granosa September and November Broom (1983) Phuket, Thailand A. granosa October to November Boonruang and Janekarn (1983) Pattani Bay, Thailand A. granosa September and December Suwanjarat et al. (2009) Banda Aceh, Indonesia A. granosa September to October Khalil et al. (2017) Lhokseumawe, Indonesia A. granosa September to October Khalil et al. (2017)
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