The behavioral and antioxidant response of the bivalve Gomphina veneriformis to sediment burial effect
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Abstract: A laboratory-based microcosm experiment was carried out to examine both the behavioral and antioxidant response of the clam Gomphina veneriformis under the conditions of 3 types of burial material (sand, silt, silt-sand mixture) with 3 burial depths (5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm). The concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased significantly after 3 d of burial in all experimental groups. In silt and sand-silt mixture groups, the interstitial water quality became worsened with lower pH, and higher
$ {\rm {NH}}_4^+$ -N concentration, where clam mortality occurred simultaneously. However, clam samples in all sand groups and 5 cm, 15 cm sand-silt mixture groups survived well for 8 d. Obviously fewer individuals left in the bottom sand in the 15 cm, 30 cm silt groups and 30 cm sand-silt mixture groups than in the 5 cm groups. Therefore, it suggests that adding silt and increasing burial depth could stimulate the vertical movement of organisms and cause lethal effects. It was found that the burial depth was the key factor that influenced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The SOD and CAT activities in the gills and hepatopancreases of organisms both showed significant up-regulation in 30 cm burial depth after buried for 8 d. Higher enzyme activities were found in gills than in hepatopancreases, which indicated that the gills of the bivalve G. veneriformis were more susceptible to burial effects than hepatopancreases. Overall, this study shows that sediment burial could cause effects on the biological behavior and antioxidant enzyme activities. -
Figure 2. Environmental parameters of pore water from the surface, middle and bottom sediment layers during the experiment.
Figure 3. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in gills and hepatopancreases of G. veneriformis in each experimental group. Error bars indicate standard deviation (n>5). The bars marked with different letters indicates there are significant differences among experimental groups, same letters no difference. Lower-case letters indicate difference analysis of SOD activities among groups in gills and capital letters in hepatopancreases. Asterisks indicated different SOD activities between gills and hepatopancreas in the same group. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.
Figure 4. The catalase (CAT) activities in gills and hepatopancreases of G. veneriformis in each experimental group. Error bars indicate the standard deviation (n>3). The bars marked with different letters indicates there are significant differences among experimental groups, same letters no difference. Lower-case letters indicate difference analysis of CAT activities among groups in gills and capital letters in hepatopancreases. Asterisks indicated different CAT activities between gills and hepatopancreas in the same group. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.
Table 1. The average length and width of clam individuals distributed at different layers in 30 cm burial groups
Layer S30 MS30 M30 Length/cm Width/cm Length/cm Width/cm Length/cm Width/cm 25–30 cm – – 26.35 19.12 26.31 19.36 20–25 cm 29.33 20.04 – – 25.82 18.80 15–20 cm – – 27.39 20.45 27.73 20.28 10–15 cm 24.44 17.56 27.02 19.87 25.74 18.66 5–10 cm 26.59 19.31 25.66 18.96 30.64 22.81 0–5 cm 28.16 20.95 28.42 20.89 25.64 18.78 –5 cm to 0 cm 26.95 19.89 24.81 18.15 25.10 18.51 Note: – means no data. 
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Table 2. The average number (n=3) of individuals distributed at different layers when buried for 8 d
Layer Experimental group C S5 MS5 M5 S15 MS15 M15 S30 MS30 M30 25–30 cm – – – – – – – – 2.00 1.33 20–25 cm – – – – – – – 0.67 – 1.00 15–20 cm – – – – – – – – 1.67 1.00 10–15 cm – – – – 3.00 5.33 5.67 0.33 1.33 1.00 5–10 cm – – – – 0.67 1.33 1.67 2.00 0.67 1.67 0–5 cm – 4.33 4.00 2.00 2.33 0.67 2.00 2.33 3.33 2.67 –5–0 cm 10.00 5.67 6.00 8.00 4.00 2.67 0.67 4.33 1.00 1.33 Note: – means no data.
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